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THE SEVENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY 

OF THE FOUNDING OF 

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



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A MEMORIAL OF 
THE SEVENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY 

OF THE FOUNDING OF 
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

HELD IN COMMENCEMENT WEEK 

JUNE 23 TO JUNE 27 

1912 




ANN ARBOR 

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 

1915 



COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 









D. B. UPDIKE, THE MERRYMOUNT PRESS, BOSTON 



/ 

©CI,A411823 



OCT -5 1915 



PREFATORY NOTE 

At a Meeting of the Board of Regents, January 26, 
1912, a?i editorial committee, consisting of Professors 
L. A. Strauss, T. E. Rankin, a?id F. N. Scott ( Chair- 
man), was appointed to prepai'e a coinmemorative vol- 
ume, hi the preparation of this memorial the committee 
has been assisted by other members of the Faculties, to 
whom general acknowledgjnent is here made. In par- 
ticular the committee is under obligation to Professor 
J. R. Brumm for the account of the celebration that 
appears on pages 171-191, and to Professor I. N. 
Demmon for valuable suggestions and corrections. 



CONTENTS 

BACCALAUREATE ADDRESS page 

THE RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES S. BURCH 3 

COMMEMORATION EXERCISES 

COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

THE HONORABLE LAWRENCE MAXWELL 27 

CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

CHANCELLOR ELMER E. BROWN 48 

PRESIDENT JOSEPH W. MAUCK 5 3 

PRESIDENT WILLIAM O. THOMPSON 57 

SPEECHES AT THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES B. ANGELL 63 

THE HONORABLE ANDREW D. WHITE 64 

MR. CHARLES F. BRUSH 74 

PROFESSOR WILLIAM H. HOWELL 77 

COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS 

PROFESSOR JEREMIAH W. JENKS 89 

SPEECHES AT THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

SUPERINTENDENT LUTHER L. WRIGHT 117 

PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES B. ANGELL 121 

PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE 125 

PRESIDENT ROBERT S.WOODWARD 130 

PRESIDENT ETHELBERT D. WARFIELD 137 

THE HONORABLE ANDREW D. WHITE 142 

LIST OF DELEGATES 149 

PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK 157 

HONORARY DEGREES 163 

[ vii ] 



CONTENTS 

AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 171 

BOARD OF REGENTS, AND MEMBERS OF THE 

FACULTIES 195 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

BACCALAUREATE ADDRESS 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

BACCALAUREATE ADDRESS 
THE RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES SUMNER BURCH, D.D. 

[DEUVERED in university hall, SUNDAY, JUNE 23, 8 P.M.] 

JUST as from the beginnings of history men have 
been prone to charafterize the age in which they 
lived by a phrase expressive of the dominating 
spirit of their time, so we to-day are constantly at- 
tempting to differentiate our age from all previous 
epochs and to give our day its permanent setting in 
the world's history. We call it, according to our view- 
points, an Age of Democracy or an Age of the Ab- 
solutism of Wealth, an Age of Brotherhood or an 
Age of Selfishness, an Age of Thinking and Think- 
ers or the Age of the Headline, an Age of Reform or 
an Age of Moral Chaos, an Age of Opportunity or an 
Age of Shut Doors, a Materiahstic Age or an Age of 
Increasing Spiritual Apprehension and Aspiration. 

You will not gainsay the fa6l that each of these 
confli6fing views has its considerable following, and 
I am confident that you will all agree that we are 
living in an Age of Unrest, whatever other tendency 
may chara6lerize our time. 

In business, mighty proje6ls, such as men hardly 
dared dream of two decades ago, are set on foot, and 
we scarce have time to give them a moment's thought, 
so intent are we in our own struggles with the new, 
changing, and often unfriendly conditions of this lat- 
ter-day commercial life. 

In science, discovery treads on the heels of discov- 
ery, progress upon progress, and what was regarded 

C s ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

as knowledge yesterday becomes negligible or obso- 
lete to-day. 

In the political world, new and disturbing ques- 
tions are ever coming to the front, and out of the 
tumult of opposing opinions issue often greater un- 
rest and uneasiness in social, economic, industrial, and 
national affairs. Do6lrines and do6lrinaires that may 
well give us pause, new and strange and ill-ordered 
schemesand isms which menace society's well-being, 
all too frequently obtrude their unwelcome presence. 
Empires become republics in a day, republics turn 
their faces backward another day toward monarch- 
ism or despotism, while under the very shadow of our 
borders we hear much of revolution and revolution- 
ary proje6ls. 

In the sphere of religion, too, the troublous and 
unsettling waves of restlessness and unstableness 
ebb and flow, and ever and again weak, hesitating, 
bewildered souls are loosed from their moorings 
to become the subje6ls of out-and-out unfaith, of 
materialism or determinism, of naturalism, or of a 
paralyzing fatalism. 

And this prevailing spirit is not peculiar to, or con- 
fined within, the borders of any one nation or people. 
We find the temper of unrest — the drift toward 
upheaval — in China as well as in Mexico, among 
the great European peoples as well as in our own 
country, in India and Asia Minor as well as in South 
American republics. The humor of restlessness is 
universal. 

This is the bald outline of a picture that has made 
some men cowards, more timid, and all too many 

[ 4 ] 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

pessimists. They will not look at the reverse of the 
pi6lure, many refusing to believe that there is any 
other side, any bright reassuring side. 

On this Lord's Day and in this presence, speaking 
to you who are so soon to leave your Alma Mater 
for God-given tasks out in the world, I venture to 
challenge your attention to the reverse side of the 
pi6lure and to point and emphasize convi6lions on 
what I shall call The Optimism of Unrest. In the last 
analysis the problems confronting us are spiritual in 
their issues, though we have to deal largely with ma- 
terial fa6ls and conditions to determine these issues, 
as always, the material, or temporal, being merely 
the shell or covering under which lies the spiritual, 
the eternal truth. 

First, let us state the case of the pessimist even 
more frankly. The voice of the political, the social, 
the educational, the religious pessimist has been 
abroad these past few years and is still heard, in some 
quarters with more insistence than ever before, cry- 
ing corruption, retrogression, despair. The voice may 
be ringing in your ears to-night, telling you of de- 
moralization and chaos in the political world, of the 
deadly lowering of standards in business and social 
spheres,of a growing lack of reverence for the things 
your forefathers held sacred. The voice may be tell- 
ing you of the submergence of the individual con- 
science in corporate or pooled indifference to what 
is just and upright, of the appalling tendency of our 
vast amassments of capital and skill and energy to 
ignore legal statutes and the age-old discriminations 
set between " what is mine and what is thine ;" it may 

[ 5 : 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

be telling you of the worse than disregard shown by 
the capitalistic employer for the rights of the wage- 
earner or of the strange devotion of the wage-earner 
to a bondage of his own choosing, to self-imposed 
rules and restridlions pointing a slavery more gall- 
ing than any human slavery that has ever cursed the 
earth. The voice may be telling you of the manifest 
impossibility of reconciling and amalgamating the 
heterogeneous mass of foreigners flocking to our 
shores, the plain hopelessness of the attempt ever to 
develop out of these chaotic elements homogeneity 
or anything approaching a truer type of American 
citizenship. The voice may be telling you of the pass- 
ing of the old-time broad culture and solid scholar- 
ship in our colleges, of what a Baccalaureate orator 
a few days since called "our sleeping-car universi- 
ties which stand for athletics and perspiration instead 
of Matthew Arnold's high ideal of culture and inspi- 
ration." The voice may be telling you of a waning 
Christianity and a waxing materialism ; of the grow- 
ing indifference of the masses to religious teachings 
and influences and associations; of the widening 
chasm between the Church and the workingman, 
of the increasing army of men who live without God 
and without hope in the world. The voice may be 
pouring into your ears tales of industrial unrest and 
upheaval, as evidenced by the recent coal strikes in 
England and America, the growth of the social-de- 
mocratic party in Germany , the rise of the syndicalist 
movement in France and England and now in Amer- 
ica, the predicted attacks upon our judiciary system 
and even upon our constitution, a prophesied world- 

[63 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

wide uprising engineered by leaders of the syndi- 
calists and their followers to secure impossible con- 
cessions to the labor cause. The voice may be inform- 
ing you that the advantages of limited competition no 
longer exist, that the trades and professions are over- 
crowded, and that you who are commencing your 
life in real earnest this week are at a disadvantage as 
compared with your fathers, who started out to win 
success a third of a century ago, when smaller capital, 
less skill, and less ability found a ready and promis- 
ing field of exercise at the very foot of the college 
steps. 

Although the pessimist has had, and still has, a 
measurably reasonable basis in fa6l for each of his 
plaints, and although the voice may be speaking much 
of truth while ringing the changes on the evils and 
lacks and forebodings noted, your speaker may be 
forgiven for the convi6f ion that the pessimist has had 
his day, for the conviftion that the period of unrest 
through which we are passing holds promise and com- 
pensation, and that we stand on this June day, in the 
year of our Lord 1912, on the good firm edge of a 
period in which there is ample justification for a large 
and intelligent optimism, the exercise of which will 
prove helpful and healthful in the body politic, in 
the social, ethical, educational, and industrial spheres, 
yes, in the broad fields of morals and religion as 
well. 

An apparent paradox stands at the base of all true 
human development — a reasonable contentment with 
inevitable conditions linked with a noble dissatisfac- 
tion, a persistent protest against all things which can 

c 7 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

be made better ; contentment as the key to self-know- 
ledge and power, dissatisfa6lion and unrest as the 
divine way to vital growth and achievement. Science 
has proved that dissatisfadlion is the primal human 
emotion. The babe is one persistent demand, and as 
the child life matures, demand multiplies, becoming 
the measure, in a large degree, of the quality of the 
life. The true measure of man's greatness is found in 
the simplicity and ready satisfa6lion of physical wants 
and the ever-increasing demands of his spiritual na- 
ture, the insatiable thirst and outreaching for truth, 
for the summum bonum." Divine discontent'' is more 
than a bit of happy phrase-making ; it is one of the 
most meaningful statements and its existence one 
of the surest evidences of the Image of God in man. 
To the mind of man, to his spiritual nature, has been 
given the capacity for almost infinite discontent, and 
by the same token the capacity for almost infinite 
development and power. Unfulfilled desires, aspira- 
tions, outreachings of the soul become the great 
dynamic of man's life in its higher aspefts. Perhaps 
Shakespeare put the case too strongly when he wrote : 

" Best state, contentless, . . . 
Worse than the worst, content." 

Browning strikes a truer note: 

"When the fight begins within himself, 
A man 's worth something. God stoops o'er his head, 
Satan looks up between his feet — both tug — 
He 's left, himself, i' the middle : the soul wakes 
And grows." 

A loftier note still is sounded by St. Paul, who, while 
asserting boldly that he has learned the secret of a 

C 8 ] 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

true contentment, yet insists that he must ever press 
forward tohigherunreached levels of spiritual power, 
thus touching the high conception of contentment and 
persistent aspiration as complementary phases of the 
same law of human development. 

From the dawn of history unrest and dissatisfac- 
tion with existing order — by no means always trust- 
worthy guides — have ever been the media by which 
wrong has been righted and progress attained, by 
which man opens the door to power and realization, 
and by which nations and peoples reach maturity and 
arrive at their proper post in the great march of the 
ages. 

It was the unrest of an oppressed people that ex- 
pelled the last of the Tarquins from his throne and 
paved the way for the first Roman Republic. It was 
a spirit of unrest measurably like that prevailing to- 
day before which the Republic and the Caesars fell, 
and following which a reactionary revolution brought 
in Caligula, the first of the line of "imperial mad- 
men." 

It was a world-unrest which, following the disso- 
lution of the Carolingian Empire, prepared the way 
for the torrent of barbarians sweeping down from the 
North, and led to the founding of the Holy Roman 
Empire. It was the unrest of Christendom which, 
aiming at corruption in Church and State, furnished 
fuel for the Reformation fires. It was unrest voicing 
itself through the barons at Runnymede that forced 
the great charter from King John, and it was the 
same temper of protest against injustice that brought 
the passage of the Corn Laws in the last century as 

C 9 ■] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

well as the laws restraining the premature exploita- 
tion of the child and the employment of women in 
hazardous and physically exhausting occupations. It 
was the discontent of the French masses, emphasized 
by the stimulations of an age which studied deeply 
social, economic, industrial, scientific, and philosophic 
problems, that found voice in the Oath of the Tennis 
Court and the Great Revolution. It was the unrest 
of a people whose longing for Hberty, justice, and the 
pursuit of happiness under conditions of equal oppor- 
tunity reached a purposeful intensity hardly realized 
in history before — it was this type of unrest, ordered 
by a supreme wisdom and foresight, which inspired 
the revolt of the American Colonies and the framing 
of a constitution than which no wiser document was 
ever constructed for the guidance of a self-govern- 
ing community of human beings. It was divine dis- 
content finding expression through the courage of 
such high souls as Lincoln and Phillips and Sumner, 
meeting the solemn judgment of all right-thinking 
men — this it was which removed the curse of slavery 
from our land. 

In short, the proposition lacks little of the axio- 
matic that every worthy reform wrought out by man 
in any sphere, in anyage, has been the result of unrest 
and discontent, with their attendant fury of debate, 
their illuminating probing and sifting, all leading 
in the end to maturer judgment and well-dire6led 
effort. 

Addison aptly put the whole argument in these 
lines : 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

"The gods in bounty work up storms about us, 
That give mankind occasion to exert 
Their hidden strength, and throw out into pradice 
Virtues which shun the day, and lie concealed 
In the smooth seasons and the calm of life." 

To-day the storms of unrest are rising all about 
the world and some men's hearts are failing them 
for fear; but, as ever before, out of these storms 
is emerging a sturdier manhood with its hidden 
strength, its new power, its more pragmatic virtues. 
With a faith born of the plain logic of history, of the 
same optimism, we may calmly look for new men, 
with new wisdom, new heroism, and finer judgments 
to meet every crisis that may confront organized 
human society. 

Undoubtedly our twentieth century Jeremiahs and 
their disquieting jeremiads have played a part, if too 
often it has been an unlovely part, in furthering the 
unmistakable movement of reform that has passed 
over our land these last few years, and but for them 
and their plaints we should not be reaping to-day all 
of the benefits that have issued from the notable 
advance movements, the quickened conscience of 
the individual, the sharp awakening of the social con- 
science, the manifest tendency of the great corpora- 
tions — with what has been termed their "dilution of 
compounded, composite, pooled morality" — to bend 
an ear to a bettered and impelling public opinion; 
we should not be opening our vision to-day to what 
is gradually but surely taking on the semblance of 
a corporate conscience, a steady drift toward higher 
standards of condu6l in the mass, at least as a con- 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

cession to the higher standards demanded of the 
individual. 

As a result of this recrudescence in morals, we find 
unquestioned testimony recently given to the almost 
complete passing of the iniquitous system of rail- 
way rebates. We find no less a thinker than Henry 
L. Higginson, in a suggestive paper on Justice to the 
Corporations, saying: "Let us begin anew, knowing 
that the corporations are to-day, as a rule, obeying 
the laws, and knowing also that the standards of 
honesty, honor, and fair dealing have been carefully 
studied and are vastly higher than in the last cen- 
tury." We find Professor Duncan in his book. The 
Chemistry of Commerce, saying: "The Federal laws, 
supplemented by the laws of the individual states, are 
formidable in what they stand for, and the attitude of 
the people is menacing in its determination that these 
laws shall be enforced, as much as practicable elim- 
inating the whole process of unethical business." On 
the other side we find the leading spirit of one of the 
largest combinations of capital for industrial opera- 
tions in the world declaring: "We desire above all 
else to obey every Federal and state law existing for 
the reasonable control of big business. We gladly 
leave the interpretation of these laws to the courts 
established to interpret them ; we acknowledge the 
necessity for such controlling laws in the matter of 
large combinations of capital, and, further, we stand 
for such control of the prices of industrial products 
as shall safeguard the public weal and bring about 
a more equitable distribution of the profits arising 
from the joint produ6fs of capital and labor." In a 

C 12 ] 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

word, business is not to-day quite the "science of 
selfishness" chara6lerized half a century ago by 
Ruskin as "the dehumanizing science that reduced 
man to a covetous machine fit to sit for the portrait 
of a lost soul." 

In government, unless we are lost in political pes- 
simism, we shall agree that never before has the great 
voice of the people been more insistent or better 
obeyed than to-day. Never before has the rule of the 
political despot or boss suffered such discredit and, 
in many parts of our land, such total eclipse. Hon- 
esty and efficiency in municipal, state, and national 
administration are no longer political issues ; they are 
popular demands. 

If you ask, Where are the high-souled reformers 
who a generation ago stood out in clear relief above 
their fellows ? I answer, We are a people of reform- 
ers to-day, the individual heart thrilling with the de- 
sire and the demand to participate in the great world 
effort for betterment, social, political, moral. 

The problem of socializing and democratizing the 
large aggregations of those widely differing peoples 
from over-seas who have come to us for homes, pre- 
sents many and grave difficulties. Released from the 
restraints of autocratic governments, from various 
restri6lions and exactions which they regard as of>- 
pression, they come to us as to a land of complete 
freedom in which all restraints may be cast aside, 
all subje6f ion to constituted authority. Too often they 
become, at the outset at least, unconsciously anar- 
chistic, impatient of, if not disobedient to, all govern- 
ance. The seriousness of the problem is clear. But is 

[ 13 : 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

there not good ground for optimism here when one 
considers how, through some divine alchemy, the 
years are gradually but surely working out the solu- 
tion? Think deeply, and ask yourselves if it is not 
one of the miracles of our national career that this 
taking into our life of millions upon millions of alien 
peoples, of widely divergent racial tendencies and 
prejudices, has not brought us to chaos and revolu- 
tion long before this day ? Has any other nation been 
put to or survived such a test? If God has destined 
this country of ours to be the melting-pot of the na- 
tions. He is also steadily working His purpose out, 
through the inculcation of the sense of responsibility 
in citizenship; through the development of the met- 
tle of patriotism, love for the new home which, pro- 
viding new privileges, also imposes new duties which 
are to be learned and fulfilled; through the satis- 
fa6f ion of the demand for unskilled labor here and 
skilled labor there ; through the happy absorption of 
hosts of these aliens into our agricultural life, mate- 
rially helping forward the hopeful Back-to-the-Land 
movement, and reducing the disproportion between 
industrial workers and agriculturists; through the 
gradual elimination of the labor of women and chil- 
dren in mills and mines and many hazardous under- 
takings. We have, too, no less an authority than Mich- 
igan's Commencement orator this year, Professor 
Jenks, for the statement that the new immigration is 
showing a steady improvement on the old, morally, 
physically, and mentally. Further, we are now told 
by undoubted authority that the immigrant has not 
been a fa6lor in lowering wages ; on the contrary, 

C 14 ]' 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

during even the period of our heaviest immigration 
wages have increased. When we fully realize the al- 
most unbelievable accomplishment of the past in the 
sphere of immigration, why should we timidly doubt 
whether wisdom to encounter this problem has died 
out of the nation, or question whether the Infinite has 
given us an impossible task? 

We reach the climax of our perplexing problems, 
a problem produ6tive of greater anxiety throughout 
the world than any other, when we face social dis- 
content as expressed in recent developments in the 
industrial world. Theories have been advanced, pro- 
pagandist efforts persisted in, and even aggressive 
movements inaugurated which are as far removed 
from what we would now term the conservative so- 
cialism of the passing generation as that socialism is 
differentiated from the unquestioned autocratic con- 
trol of capital over labor before the days of Marx and 
Morris. The leaders of the earlier crusades for social 
reform have been temporarily overshadowed by the 
latest produ6l of class-consciousness in its harshest 
phase, known in France and Germany since the days 
of La Salle and now appearing in our own land, 
proposing a revolutionary uprising which virtually 
spells war upon society, by first rendering all capi- 
talistic effort unprofitable and then by expropriation 
of the owners and their property by the workers. 
No argument is needed to prove the unsoundness, 
the absolute impra6licability as well as the utter dis- 
honesty, of the proposal. Because of the unsoundness, 
the impra6ticability, the essentially unmoral and un- 
humanitarian quality of the movement, it will prove 

C 15 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

— as it is already proving — a rea6lionary movement, 
a corre6live and balancing force tending steadily to 
eliminate the evils and extremes of the enterprise for 
a reshaping of our social system which will, through 
a wiser and increasingly intelligent leadership, ulti- 
mately reach the platform on which all right-think- 
ing workers and employers will stand — Distributive 
Justice. And this means the just distribution of the 
results of produ61ive effort among those who have 
contributed to the produ6fion, according to the worth 
of their contribution, whether it be physical, mental, 
or through the employment of capital. 

This new produ6f of class-consciousness, which ig- 
nores brotherhood as it sacrifices morality, has failed 
in France and Germany wherever it has been tried; 
it is losing its hold upon the young workers of Wales, 
where it first took such a strong grip; it is losing 
ground in America and, wherever it has been propa- 
gated, has brought deeper thinking and saner a6f ion 
on the part of intelligent wage-earners and their 
wiser leaders. And as society grows (as it surely is 
growing ) in realization and appreciation of essential 
truth and right, there will come increasingly into the 
consciousness of those to whom is entrusted the stew- 
ardship of wealth, the high call, if not the pra6lical 
need, of such readjustment of the scale of returns 
from inherited or acquired wealth as will bring us 
nearer to that juster social order toward which or- 
ganized society is steadily moving. 

Such a consummation will be reached through 
fuller understanding and sympathy between what we 
are pleased to call mass and class, through a grow- 

C 16 ] 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

ing sense of inter-dependence, of inherently neces- 
sary inter-relationship, the drift toward which spirit 
is unmistakable in many quarters. Society need not 
stand in terror before a class-consciousness, or a 
group-consciousness, which, while holding that the 
Cooperative Commonwealth is on the way to modify, 
if not to eradicate, the old tenacious pleasure in ex- 
clusive possession — to put the old property greed to 
shame by appeal to that notable joy in sharing which 
must supplant the joy of owning — also acknow- 
ledges that the desire for property, for accumulation, 
has been the chief force that has led man on from 
savagery to civilization, the incentive to progress, the 
base of the family tie, the bond of religion ; further 
declaring that it is only that property greed and 
centralization of wealth which works lack of equal 
opportunity which must be curbed. 

I repeat, society need not fear this type of class- 
consciousness any more than it need fear the class- 
consciousness of the employer who frankly acknow- 
ledges that there must be a readjustment of the basis 
of distribution of the returns of capital and skill and 
labor which shall bring society step by step nearer 
to a veritable social justice. 

A fairer distribution of wealth and better living 
conditions for the workers — these are no longer the 
shibboleth of one type of class-consciousness but of 
two types — the intelligent employing class and the 
intelligent working class. 

One of the most potent fa6lors working toward 
this ideal is the awakening of the race to the mean- 
ing of Service which looms larger and larger in the 

I 17 3 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Christian world, in the religious world, in the broad 
sphere of humanitarianism. It is becoming a key- 
word for the highest and best that this life offers. The 
primary and essential quality of any interpretation 
of life addressed to our generation is that it must be 
social. The sociological trend in modern culture is 
pronounced. Social service — the ministry to human- 
ity, the attempt to bring to wholeness those whose 
lives are fraftional — is more and more claiming the 
deepest and most truly altruistic thought and care of 
mankind everywhere. 

It is a promising movement — this movement for 
social betterment — helping in a most pra6lical way 
to bring society to a realization of brotherhood, to the 
ideal of oneness, which are at the very foundation of 
pure religion, the religion which alone can be the 
solvent for our pressing social and moral problems, 
the religion which has everything to do with morals 
and therefore with economics, as both are basal to 
civilization, the religion whose most fruitful issues 
are selflessness and surrender. All life fully hved 
is religious, and when we come in conta6l with our 
fellows, when we really come together for good, it 
is through a common ideal, which is not necessarily 
logical or scientific, but religious, spiritual, defying 
analysis on any other hypothesis than that it is the 
spirit of God a6ling through the soul of man. 

In the face of the splendid accomplishment of what 
we call Social Service, we must not forget that this 
great forward-reaching movement needs a soul, and 
on the quality of that soul depend the lasting results 
and life of the movement. Mr. Irving Babbitt has re- 

C 18 ] 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

cently pointed out very clearly in his Literature and 
the American College, the intelle6lual laxity that has 
resulted from the swayof humanitarianism in the two 
phases represented by Bacon and Rousseau — the ex- 
tension of knowledge and the extension of sympa- 
thy. With convincing logic, Babbitt shows how mere 
humanitarianism inevitably runs into sentimentality 
or into scientific accumulation, in neither of which 
are developed the power of selection and wisdom of 
judgment which form the basis of sound learning. 
The argument holds good in the sphere of service. 
Unless the flame of a spiritual religion is kept burn- 
ing at the heart of all our movements for social 
improvement, they will fail of that vitality and self- 
perpetuating quality needed to make them lasting 
forces for good. 

And here again do we find ground for optimism. 
In spite of the charge by men lacking in the sense 
of true perspe6live that religion is losing its hold 
upon the people, that the masses have drifted away 
from the Church, or the Church by its aloofness, its 
lack of vision, its lack of statesmanship, has drifted 
away from the masses, it is the firm belief of the 
religious optimist (while acknowledging that the 
cleavage is far too wide), that never before in the 
history of the race has vitalized and vitalizing reli- 
gion filled so large a place in the life and thought of 
mankind. 

It is a day of new religious significance and im- 
pulse, of forward movements, when the strongest 
and the wisest men have caught a firmer grasp of 
and a clearer insight into the heart of religion, its 

C 19 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

efficiency in moulding chara6ler and regenerating 
society through the corre6ling of its social malad- 
justments. 

It is a day when the foremost and most epoch- 
making book of our generation comes from a phi- 
losopher in France, who compels the world of think- 
ing men to listen while he renders unthinkable the 
scientific agnosticism of Spencer and Mill, repudiates 
the monism of Haeckel and the figment of sponta- 
neous generation of animated atoms. Henri Bergson, 
through his great work. Creative Evolution, has cen- 
tred the interest of the intelle6luals and philosophers 
of the world upon the College of France — France, 
which but a few years ago expunged the name of 
God from its text-books. Bergson is the implacable 
foe of the negative do6lrine of materialism, natural- 
ism, or mechanical determinism, and he finally suc- 
ceeds in substituting faith for doubt and in supplying 
a constru6live system and philosophy of life calcu- 
lated to dethrone French atheism. 

It is a day when the word Success is being reinter- 
preted, restated, and given new values, when grow- 
ing numbers of our youth fix their thoughts more 
on how to live than on how to make a living. With 
each passing day more men are coming to see that 
success measured by wealth is not success unless that 
wealth secured honestly is used ethically for the good 
of society; that success measured by power over men 
is not success unless that power is gained through 
clean methods and exercised for unselfish service; 
that success measured by the accumulation of know- 
ledge is not success unless in some way that know- 

C 20 ] 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

ledge is used to further the progress of mankind 
toward higher levels of thinking and living. 

It is a day when no public evil or social wrong is 
looked upon as necessary or ineradicable — none so 
fully entrenched but that strong men and determined 
women are quick to grapple with it, with God's hope 
in their eyes and God's strength in their souls, to 
further its destru6lion. The phrase "necessary evil'' 
is purged from the vocabulary of straight-thinking 
mankind. 

It is a day in the fullness of time, for the evolving 
of a super race, a race of supermen and superwomen. 
Not the unnatural sinister beings connoted by the 
Nietzschean philosophy, nor the vague imaginings 
of a hollow anthropomorphism, but men and women 
socially benignant and full-fashioned, rather than 
individually dominant. The past has concerned itself 
with things, with building cities and nations and in- 
stitutions, making over a world for men to live in. 
The supreme task for this and future generations is 
to work with men, moulding the plastic human clay 
into finer, truer, more spiritual forms. Science and 
religion have been collaborating in the shaping of 
the tools with which to work out this great task, and 
they have given us many new instruments to work 
with, among them Eugenics, the world-wide desire 
for social adjustment and the freshly stirred, God- 
given impulse toward the perfect development of the 
soul's life. 

Are not all these great gains and the legitimate 
subje61: for a reasonable, genuine optimism.? True, 
there is still, and there will be for long years to come, 

C 21 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

political corruption to fight; there still remain dis- 
honest men in business life and greedy lawless cor- 
porations to hold in check ; the social world still pre- 
sents its stubborn problems showing that the core of 
its inner life is far from complete regeneration ; the 
tremendous problems of immigration, of labor's re- 
lations to capital and capital's responsibility to labor, 
are by no means wholly solved; the phrase *'mass 
and class "still holds meaning and menace; the eman- 
cipation of the wage- worker from injustice without 
and within his ranks is still to be achieved ; undoubt- 
edly in education during the past decade or two the 
emphasis has been laid upon occupational or voca- 
tional preparation rather than upon the finer culture, 
the philosophic discipline and nurture of the old days 
of classical study, and the pendulum is still to swing 
backward to a happier balance. These and many 
other grave social, legislative, business, educational, 
and moral problems confront you, — the young men 
and women of to-day, — but is it not right here, in the 
heart of these problems, that your broad fields of 
opportunity lie? 

Firmly do I believe that never before in the history 
of our nation has richer opportunity beckoned to the 
trained, disciplined, forward-looking, worthily aspir- 
ing men and women from our colleges than to-day 
— to the average, well-rounded, determined charac- 
ters on whom the strength of a people rests, rather 
than upon those of exceptional genius. 

Do not be staggered by the colossal problems con- 
fronting you; do not be blinded by the splendor of 
your age's marvellous material accomplishment; do 

L 22 3 



THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST 

not allow the individual "I" to be swallowed up in 
the great " We" of the mass. If society is to be puri- 
fied and regenerated, if political life is to be uplifted 
and ennobled, if the business world is to receive the 
impetus and lasting inspiration of higher standards, 
if true religion is to be furthered, it will be brought 
about through the outreaching of the individual con- 
science, through the exercise of the individual cour- 
age, through the power of the individual integrity, 
through the religious consciousness of the average 
man. 

Where are those to come from who shall develop 
and exemplify these higher nobler virtues, if not 
from our colleges and universities ? You have been 
taught the truth, and it is through your knowledge 
and the placing of that knowledge in efficient a6lion 
among your fellows out in the world that you shall 
be God's agents in helping to make men free. 

Be true optimists; cultivate restraint; strive for 
vision — for spiritual vision, without which men and 
nations perish ; be true to the traditions and teach- 
ings of this venerable institution in which it has been 
your high privilege to be trained; determine from 
this hour to pay the debt you owe the University 
of Michigan, and this Jubilee week shall indeed be 
the commencement of lives of ever-increasing, ever- 
widening influence for good in a friendly, inviting, 
God-inspired world. 



C 23 ] 



COMMEMORATION EXERCISES 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

THE HONORABLE LAWRENCE MAXWELL, LL.D. 

[DEUVERED in the PAVIUON, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 26, 10 A.M.] 

IT is a common saying that our fathers builded 
better than they knew. It might be said with more 
reason that we have sometimes failed to appreciate 
their far-seeing wisdom. When they established the 
Republic they could not forecast the growth in popu- 
lation, the expansion of territory, the development of 
resources, the increase in wealth, and the change of 
conditions which one hundred and twenty-five years 
of progress have brought forth, but in declaring their 
purpose to establish justice and to secure the bless- 
ings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity 
they proceeded on fundamental principles which time 
could not change or circumstances alter. And so when 
they declared in the great Ordinance that religion, 
morality,andknowledge were necessary to good gov- 
ernment and to the happiness of mankind, and that 
schools and the means of education should be forever 
encouraged, they recognized an immutable truth, 
and, while they could not foresee the full extent of 
its beneficent operation, they did not build better 
than they knew. They laid a firm foundation for the 
structure which they and their children have placed 
upon it, and in these days when there is a disposition 
to deal lightly with the work of the fathers, it is fit- 
ting that we should recall their aims and purposes, 
and dedicate ourselves anew to the principles which 
they espoused. They were not the impulse of the mo- 
ment, but firm convi6lion born of the spirit of liberty 

C 27 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

and matured by the refle6lion and experience of men 
alive to its blessings and a6luated by patriotic devo- 
tion to the welfare of mankind. 

The record of what was done to carry out the wise 
and liberal policy of the fathers by the men to whom 
the destinies of the territory of Michigan and of the 
new State were committed in its early days is a famil- 
iar chapter. Let us briefly recall the principal steps. In 
1 804 Congress, in pursuance of the assurance in the 
Ordinance of 1 787 that schools and the means of edu- 
cation should forever be encouraged, reserved a town- 
ship in what became shortly thereafter the territory 
of Michigan "for the use of a seminary of learning,"^ 
and in 1826 increased the grant, so that two entire 
townships, amounting to 46,080 acres, were reserved 
"for the use and support of a university within the 
territory aforesaid and for no other purpose whatso- 
ever." ^ These lands, except the portions disposed of 
in the meantime by the trustees appointed under the 
territorial a6ls of August 26, 181 7, and April 30, 1 82 1 , 
were granted and conveyed by Congress to the State 
of Michigan on her admission into the Union in 1837, 
"to be appropriated solely for the use and support of 
a university," and constituted the only support of the 
University, aside from students' fees, up to 1870, at 
which time it received its first financial assistance from 
the State. The constitution adopted in 1835 provided 
that the legislature of the new State should take meas- 
ures for the prote61ion, improvement, or other dis- 
position of these lands ; that the funds accruing from 

' Act of March 26, 1804, Ch. 35, Sec. 5, 2 Stat. 277, 279. 
* Act of May 20, 1826, Ch. 109, 4 Stat. 180. 

c 28 : 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

their rent or sale should be and remain a permanent 
fund for the support of the University, and that it 
should be the duty of the legislature, as soon as might 
be, to provide effe6lual means for the improvement 
and permanent security of the funds of the Univer- 
sity. At its first session the legislature passed the a6l 
of March 18, 1837, "to provide for the organization 
and government of the University of Michigan," de- 
claring that its obje6l was " to provide the inhabitants 
of the State with the means of acquiring a thorough 
knowledge of the various branches of literature, sci- 
ence, and the arts," and vesting the government in 
a Board of Regents, consisting of the governor, lieu- 
tenant-governor, the judges of the supreme court, 
and chancellor of the State as ex-officio members, and 
twelve members to be appointed by the governor by 
and with the advice and consent of the senate. 

The institution was located at Ann Arbor, by 
an a6l passed two days later, March 20, 1837. We 
therefore date the founding of the University from the 
year 1837. It was opened in September, 1841, with 
two professors, George P. Williamsand Joseph Whit- 
ing, and seven students. The first commencement 
was held on August 6, 1845, with eleven graduates. 
The little company that assembled on that historic 
day in the old Presbyterian Church had not prophetic 
vision to foresee the concourse of this glad morning 
gathered from far and near to celebrate the anniver- 
sary of that small beginning grown to a university 
holding an acknowledged place among the institu- 
tions of the world, with 5582 students from every 
state and territory of the Union and twenty-four for- 

C 29 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

eign countries, a faculty of 486, and 30,000 alumni, 
increased each year by the accession of more than 
1000 graduates. Only one university in the United 
States has more alumni, and it had two hundred years 
the start of us. 

In accounting for this remarkable growth we must 
take several facSlors into consideration, first and fore- 
most among which is the soundness of the funda- 
mental principle on which the University rests. That 
principle recognizes as matter of public policy that 
the education of the people is the proper function 
and duty of the state, since it is obvious that political 
institutions whose foundations rest on public opinion 
cannot be secure unless the people are educated, and 
that public opinion to be safe must be enlightened. 
This was the do6lrine preached by the early men 
of Michigan, who constantly urged the importance of 
giving to those who were to be the rulers of the state 
the means of fitting themselves for their duties. 

When Michigan was admitted into the Union the 
idea of a system of education under the control and 
at the expense of the state, so familiar now, was new ; 
public common schools were unknown in many parts 
of the country ; there were no public high schools in 
a majority of the states, and the colleges were pri- 
vate and se61:arian. What would have been the effe6l 
on the Republic if such conditions hadbeen allowed to 
remain, the great body of her children, especially in 
the undeveloped north and west, dependent for edu- 
cation on private charity and prepared for citizen- 
ship under the influence and direftion of private cor- 
porations and religious se6ls ^ Michigan was the first 

C 30 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

commonwealth to take effedlive steps to avert such 
a disaster by providing for a comprehensive system 
of education under the dire6tion and control of the 
State, embracing primary schools, high schools, and 
a university. 

Of this educational system Judge Cooley, who was 
w^ell qualified to speak, has said: 

"Its founders took position in advance of the 
thought of their day, and those who followed them 
have endeavored to give efFe6l in full measure to 
their views. No commonwealth in the world makes 
provision more broad, complete, or thorough for the 
general education of the people, and very few for 
that which is equal. It has been the settled convi6lion 
of the people for many years, that there can be no 
more worthy expenditure of public moneys than in 
the training of men and women in useful knowledge; 
and they have a6ledupon that convi6fion.The newer 
states of the Union in framing their educational sys- 
tems have been glad to follow the example of Michi- 
gan, and have had fruitful and satisfadtory success 
in proportion as they have adhered to it. And for all 
that has been accomplished, Michigan is indebted to 
the intelligence, the unselfishness, and the far-see- 
ing wisdom of some of its own eminent citizens, who, 
with the public confidence for their support, have not 
waited for older but more provincial states to point 
the way, but have trustfully moved on from step to 
step in the dire6f ion of an ideal excellence which was 
early in their minds, and has been steadily adhered 
to since. "^ 

^ Thomas M. Cooley, Michigan, p. 328. 

[ 31 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

It is significant that when the people came to frame 
a new constitution in 1909, after seventy-two years 
of experience with this educational system and with 
their University, they incorporated as part of their 
fundamental law this ringing declaration of faith 
taken from the Ordinance of 1 787 :" Religion, moral- 
ity, and knowledge being necessary to good govern- 
ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the 
means of education shall forever be encouraged."^ 

The success of the University is largely due to effi- 
cient organization and management under wise pro- 
visions of law. This was not accomplished at once, 
but as the result of experience with defective plans. 
Under the constitution of 1835 the legislature had 
the entire control and management of the Univer- 
sity and the university funds, with power to appoint 
Regents and professors and to establish departments. 
The inherent difficulties of such an organization soon 
became apparent, and were brought to public atten- 
tion by the messages of governors, reports of Regents 
to the legislature, and by committees of the legisla- 
ture, the general consensus of opinion being that the 
University should be under the control of a perma- 
nent board responsible for its management, and not 
in the hands of a large and constantly changing legis- 
lative body chosen with reference to its qualifications 
for other duties. As the result of the discussion the 
constitutional convention of 1850 provided that "the 
general supervision of the University and the direc- 
tion and control of all expenditures from the uni- 
versity interest fund'' should be vested in a Board 

* Constitution of 1909, Art. XI, Sec. 1. 

[ 32 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

of Regents to be ele61ed by the people for terms of 
six years, one Regent to be chosen from each judicial 
circuit. The terms of all the members expired at the 
same time, which was a serious defe6l, involving the 
possibility of a complete change in the Board through 
the outgoing of all its members and the incoming 
of newly elected and inexperienced members. An- 
other defe6l was the ele6lion of Regents by judicial 
circuits and not by the State at large. In recognition of 
these defe6ls the constitution was amended in 1861 
so as to provide for a board of eight Regents, to be 
chosen on a general ticket for terms of eight years 
so arranged that the terms of two members should 
expire every second year. This important change 
was designed to prote6l the University from dangers 
that might spring from popular excitements and pre- 
judices or from political convulsions, and has secured 
steadiness of plan and conservatism in management. 
The independent position of the Regents has had 
much to do with the growth and prosperity of the 
University, which dates from the time when the new 
se6lions began to take effe6l. They have had occa- 
sion more than once to deny the power of the legis- 
lature to interfere with their management and con- 
trol and to refuse obedience to a6ls of the legislature 
which they have deemed against the best interests 
of the University. The Supreme Court has sustained 
them in that position, and it is now well settled by 
the decisions of the highest court of the State that 
the constitution has placed the University " in the di- 
re6l and exclusive control of the people themselves 
through a constitutional body ele6led by them." Re- 

C 33 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

ferring to the a6lion of the constitutional convention 
the Court said: 

"The result has proved their wisdom, for the Uni- 
versity, which was before pra6lically a failure, under 
the guidance of this constitutional body, known as the 
' Board of Regents,' has grown to be one of the most 
successful, complete, and best known institutions of 
learning in the world." ^ 

To the Board of Regents, therefore, thus charged 
with the management and control of the institution, 
is due primarily the credit for its success. And it must 
be remembered in this connection not only that the 
determination of every question of policy rests finally 
with them, but that they have had the responsibility 
and are entitled to the credit for the sele6f ion of the 
presidents and faculties that have brought renown to 
the institution. No officers of the State deserve higher 
honor than the faithful men who have served her as 
Regents, without compensation other than the satis- 
fa6lion of having performed a public service. They 
have not been wanting when necessary in boldness 
and originality of policy, often involving changes in 
traditional college usages for which they were freely 
criticised at the time by those who afterward ap- 
proved and even adopted them. Their financial man- 
agement has constantly required the skilful adjust- 
ment of large budgets to limited income, and has 
been chara61:erized by prudence and economy. 

It was not until 1870 that the University began 
to receive financial assistance from the State. Prior to 

* Sterling vs. Regents of the University of Michigan, 1896, 110 Mich. 369, 
68 N. W. 253. 

C 34 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

that time it was obliged to depend wholly on the in- 
terest of the fund derived from the sale of the lands 
granted by Congress in 1826, amounting to some- 
thing less than ^40,000 per annum, and on the fees 
of students, which were almost nominal. Until 1865 
the matriculation fee was ten dollars and the annual 
fee five dollars. In 1866 the annual fee was raised to 
ten dollars and the matriculation fee for non-resi- 
dents to twenty-five dollars. The first money appro- 
priated by the State was received shortly before the 
commencement of President Angell's administration. 
In 1871 l75,ooowasvotedfor the ere6lion of Univer- 
sity Hall and later $25,000 for its completion. Special 
appropriations, generally for the ere6f ion of build- 
ings and sometimes in large amounts, have been made 
from time to time since then. In 1 873 the policy, fore- 
shadowed in a statute of 1867, which the Regents 
refused to accept because coupled with a proviso for 
the appointment of a professor of homoeopathy, was 
adopted, and has been continued until the present 
time, of levying an annual tax on all taxable prop- 
erty in the State for the support of the University, first 
at the rate of one-twentieth of a mill, then one-sixth 
of a mill, then one-fourth of a mill, and finally three- 
eighths of a mill, which rate yields now $850,000 per 
annum. To this must be added about $40,000 inter- 
est on the fund derived from the sale of the lands 
granted by Congress, and about $350,000 from stu- 
dents' fees, making a total annual income at the pres- 
ent time of nearly $1 ,250,000. The salary disburse- 
ments are slightly in excess of $800,000 per annum. 
The total money received by the University from 
[ 35 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

the State up to June 30, 1910, was ^6,910,070. 1 have 
sele6led that date for purpose of comparison with an 
inventory and appraisement taken by the Regents 
at that time, which shows that the real and personal 
property then on hand amounted to $4,152,289.71, 
which is within $2,757,780.29 of the total sum there- 
tofore received from the State; in other words, the 
net cost of the University to the State for a period of 
seventy-three years, after giving credit for the stock 
on hand, was less than $3,000,000, or about one hun- 
dred dollars per graduate, or a still smaller sum if we 
take into account those who enjoyed the privileges 
of the University without graduating. The record is 
a tribute to the skilful and economical management 
of the Regents. 

The total donations to the University from individ- 
uals amount to something over $1,000,000, which 
appears small in comparison with the gifts which col- 
leges condu6ted by private corporations havereceived 
duringthe same period. But this discrimination is likely 
to disappear as men and women seeking channels for 
their beneficence come to realize that they can en- 
trust their donations to the State of Michigan, under 
guaranties provided by her constitution and laws and 
by the constitution of the United States, with abso- 
lute confidence in the securityof principal and income 
and in its application under prudent and economical 
management to the uses for which it may be given. 

In 1 895 the legislature passed two important stat- 
utes on this subje6l.The first gave the Regents power 
to take by gift, devise, or bequest, and hold in per- 
petuity, any land or other property in trust for any 

C 36 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

purpose not inconsistent with the obje6ls and pur- 
poses of the University.^ The second provided that 
whenever any money or other property, of whatever 
nature and kind, with dire6lion or with power to con- 
vert the same into money, is or shall be given to the 
Regents of the University upon trust to expend the 
income thereof in furtherance of any of the objefts 
of the University, it shall be the duty of the Regents 
to pay such money to the State treasurer; that inter- 
est at the rate of four per cent per annum shall be 
paid thereon by the State treasurer to the treasurer 
of the University from and after the first day of the 
month next after the moneys have been received 
by the State treasurer, and that the interest so paid 
" shall be expended by the Regents in stri6l accord- 
ance with the terms of the trust upon which the 
money or other property was originally given, and in 
no other manner.""^ 

The constitution of 1909 provides, as did the con- 
stitution of 1850, that the proceeds of all landsorother 
property given by individuals for educational pur- 
poses "shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the 
interest and income of which, together with the 
rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be 
inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the 
specific obje6ls of the original gift, grant, or appro- 
priation/'^ This constitutional guaranty is in turn 
prote6led by the provision of the constitution of the 
United States that no state shall pass any law impair- 

' Act of March 26, 1895, No. 36, Compiled Laws of 1897, Vol. I, Sec. 1809. 
'Act of May 11, 1895, No. 140, Compiled Laws of 1897, Vol. I, Sees. 86, 87. 
' Constitution of 1909, Art. XI, Sec. 1 1 . 

C 37 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

ing the obligation of contra6ls. No more perfe6l or 
secure plan for receiving and executing trusts to edu- 
cational uses can be imagined. 

Seventy-five years ago the general government 
made the State trustee for the benefit of the Univer- 
sity of property which yields now an annual income 
of nearly |40 ,000. Not a penny of the interest or prin- 
cipal of that fund has been lost or misappropriated/ 
The State has faithfully observed its duty as trustee, 
and may be relied upon to execute with equal fidelity 
whatever trusts are confided to it by private donors. 

But constitutions and laws and corporate organiza- 
tion, however perfe6l, would be of little avail with- 
out the presidents and faculties who have made the 
University a living thing, and to them, therefore, 
we may justly give the largest share of credit for its 
success. As we call the roll, what precious memories 
crowd upon us of great and noble men, dead and 
living, who have devoted their lives to the highest 
service of mankind, builders of the University and 
makers of men. None is held in higher esteem than 
the distinguished scholar and public man who hon- 
ors the occasion by his presence, the Honorable An- 
drew D. White. He began his brilliant career here 
as professor of history and English literature, and will 
ever be remembered by the University for his ser- 
vices in the days when its destiny was being shaped. 

The constitution of 1850 contained a provision 
which deserves more than passing notice in view of 
the influence which it has had on the history of the 
University. Prior to that date there was no president. 

' The fact is stated on the autliority of Thomas M. Cooler, Michigan, p. 321. 

C 38 J 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

Suggestions to establish that office were met as late 
as 1848 with a response from the chairman of the 
board of visitors that it was unnecessary to the gov- 
ernment of American colleges, unsuited to demo- 
cratic simplicity, and likely to excite jealousies and 
prove a cumbrous clog in the operation of the Univer- 
sity. But the members of the constitutional conven- 
tion of 1850 took a different view, and put into the 
instrument which they drafted an explicit dire6lion 
to the Regents to ele6l at their first annual meeting, 
or as soon thereafter as might be, a president of the 
University, who should be ex-officio a member of 
their Board and "the principal executive officer of 
the University/' The creation of this constitutional 
office has turned out to be one of the most impor- 
tant features of a marvellously perfe6l scheme of 
organization. So great has been the influence of 
the presidents of the University on its destinies that 
we are accustomed to divide its history into periods 
measured by the administrations of the great men 
who have held the office. President Tappan, who. 
served from 1852 to 1863, a period of eleven years, 
has justly been spoken of as the founder of the Uni- 
versity, for he infused into it new life, and laid out 
the bold and comprehensive plans without which it 
might never have emerged from the obscurity of a 
provincial school. President Haven and Acting Presi- 
dent Frieze supplemented his work during compara- 
tively short administrations, until in 1871 dawned the 
auspicious day that brought to the University the 
President to whom more than to any other man 
or set of men is due the credit for its present pros- 

i S9 :i 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

perous condition. In very truth we celebrate to-day 
what President Angell achieved. When he came to 
the University it had iiio students; when he re- 
tired they numbered 5223. The annual income in- 
creased during his administration from ^104,096.44 
to ^1 ,290,000, and the salary list from ^60,776.67 to 
^706,647.78. Forty thousand persons studied at the 
University during his presidency, and from every cor- 
ner of the globe they send greetings to-day. Teacher, 
scholar, editor, college president, diplomat, orator, 
and Christian gentleman, few men, if any, in all the 
history of the Republic have served her better, or 
done more to mould her destiny. 

In his annual report of just twenty-five years ago 
President Angell, in announcing that the resignation 
of the Jay professor of law had been accepted to take 
effe6l on 0(5lober 1, 1887, said: "It is with regret 
that we lose from our corps of teachers Professor 
Hutchins, who has rendered very valuable service 
as a member of the law faculty, and in former years 
as a member of the literary faculty. The new law 
school of Cornell University is fortunate in securing 
him as one of its professors." 

We were glad to welcome him back in 1895 as 
dean of our law school, and now we rejoice to greet 
him as President of the University. It is easy to under- 
stand that a university with nearly six thousand stu- 
dents, six hundred teachers and officers, departments 
covering every field of human knowledge and re- 
search, and an annual budget of a million and a quar- 
ter is not only an institution of learning, but a com- 
plex organization which calls for soundness of judg- 

C 40 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

ment and extraordinary powers of administration on 
the part of its principal executive officer, as well as 
broad and sympathetic scholarship. The Regents have 
followed the traditions of the past in securing the 
man best suited to the requirements of the time. We 
pledge our support to President Hutchins, assured 
that his administration, so auspiciously begun, will 
not be less fruitful than those of his illustrious pre- 
decessors. 

The features of progress since the semi-centennial 
which challenge special attention are the increase in 
numbers, which has carried the students from 1572 
to 5582, the faculties from 93 to 486, and the gradu- 
ating classes from 413 to 1047; the ere6fion of new 
buildings ; the growth of laboratories, apparatus, and 
libraries ; the increase of annual income from the State ; 
the steady growth of the Literary Department, which 
has risen from 459 students in 1887 to 2153 now, 
or 581 more than the total number of students in 
all departments of the University twenty-five years 
ago; the raising of standards and extension of courses 
in the professional schools; the establishment of a 
graduate school worthy of the name ; wider useful- 
ness by the opening of summer sessions; increased 
attention to art and especially to music, with the 
University School of Music, the choral concerts, and 
the May Music Festivals as important incidents ; the 
better organization of the alumni through local asso- 
ciations and an advisory council ; the gift of Alumni 
Memorial Hall by the alumni and of Arthur Hill 
Auditorium by the will of that loyal alumnus and 
staunch and generous friend of the University. 

c 41 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

The raising of standards and the extension of 
courses in the professional schools has been part of a 
general movement in the interest of the public on the 
sound theory that they are entitled to demand that 
do6lors and lawyers shall be reasonably fit to exer- 
cise their vocations before entering upon them, since 
they are public callings which direftly affe6l the life, 
health, and property of the people. The effe6l on the 
professions themselves is not only to keep incompe- 
tents out, but to raise the moral tone. It enables the 
schools to increase their efficiency, and so serve the 
people better, by eliminating material that is a dead 
weight; and on the individual the effe6l is often to 
save him from a life wasted by undertaking a call- 
ing for which he is not qualified. 

In the Medical Department sixty hours of credit 
from the Literary Department embracing certain defi- 
nite work in physics, chemistry, biology, and mod- 
ern languages, are required for admission. This gives 
the medical student a broad basis upon which he can 
found his professional knowledge. Physics, chemis- 
try, and biology are regarded as foundation stones 
for the ere61:ion of the medical superstru6lure, while 
a reading knowledge of German and French, espe- 
cially of the former, is deemed essential to the med- 
ical man who would keep up with the times. A com- 
bined six years' course was evolved here and begun 
as an optional course in 1890. Twenty-five years 
ago the length of the course was three years of nine 
months each; now it is four years, with an additional 
hospital year recommended. 

The Medical Department from its foundation has 

C 42 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

been one of the strongest schools in the country in 
point of laboratory equipment. In the English report 
on medical education in the United States, known as 
the Mosely report, it is referred to as one of the four 
medical schools in the United States in which well- 
equipped clinical laboratories are a conspicuous fea- 
ture. The methods of the instru6lion given in the lab- 
oratories of ba6leriology and pathology are also com- 
plimented, as they are in the Carnegie report, which 
adds that the men in charge are productive scientists 
as well as competent teachers, and that there is a large 
library an da good museum and other necessary teach- 
ing aids. The development of the University Hospi- 
tal is also referred to in the Carnegie report as hav- 
ing been condu6led on fundamentally sound lines. It 
began in a remodelled dwelling-house capable of ac- 
commodating twenty patients, and from that modest 
beginning has grown into a teaching hospital of three 
hundred beds, with every patient available for pur- 
poses of instru6lion, in so far as his own welfare 
permits. 

The Medical Department has furnished from its 
graduates men of the greatest scientific and profes- 
sional attainments, many of whom have distinguished 
themselves both in pure science and in pra6fical med- 
icine, and the faculty has contributed largely to the 
advancement of knowledge, it being an unwritten 
law that no man can hold a chair who does not prove 
himself a produ6tive worker in the profession. 

Twenty-five years ago the Law Department had 
336 students. Now they number 793, and with the 
summer school 100 more. The course in 1887 con- 

C 43 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

sisted of two years; it consists now of three years, 
with an additional well-organized course leading to the 
degree of master of laws. A summer session cover- 
ing a period often weeks has been added, and draws 
into the department some of its best students. 

In 1887 the faculty consisted of five professors and 
four special le6lurers; it now comprises sixteen men 
giving their entire time to the work of instru6fion, 
and in addition eight non-resident le6lurers who deal 
with special topics. 

In 1887 the department was still giving most of its 
instru61:ion by means of le6lures. Examinations were 
not severe. Now, most of the instru6lion is by means 
of free class-room discussion of legal principles as 
developed in reported cases. This method, while not 
unlike that in use in other schools, was gradually 
evolved here through the experience of its own pro- 
fessors. Discussion of cases is supplemented in a few 
courses by the study of texts, and in special topics by 
le6lures. The present methods are much more effec- 
tive than the old in developing the student's power 
to analyze cases, apply principles, and think legally. 
The examinations are severe, and cover a period of 
two weeks at the end of each semester. The courses 
have been closely correlated during the last twenty- 
five years, have been extended in scope and in the 
time given to them, and as a result much more thor- 
ough, intensive, and scientific work is being done. 

In 1887 admission could be obtained upon passing 
a satisfa6lory examination in arithmetic, geography, 
orthography , English composition , and the outlines of 
the history of the United States and England. Begin- 

C 44 ] 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

ning with the present year only those who have suc- 
cessfully completed a year of work in an approved 
college or university may be admitted, and it is offi- 
cially announced that this will be increased to two 
years within a short time. In 1887 the library num- 
bered 9565 volumes; it now includes 32,000 vol- 
umes. 

Most influential in developing a high standard of 
scholarship have been the organization and publica- 
tion of the Michigan Law Review and several schol- 
arship societies, membership in which is based purely 
upon scholarship. The Michigan Law Review was 
founded in 1 902 and ten volumes have now been pub- 
lished. Its contributors have included distinguished 
scholars and lawyers of both England and America. 
It has a circulation throughout the country, and has 
been a great stimulus to scholarship both among 
members of the faculty and among the students. 

The graduates of the school in all parts of the 
nation, and especially in the Middle West, have occu- 
pied and continue to occupy positions of distinftion 
on the bench and at the bar, and have exerted a potent 
influence upon the judicial and political history of the 
country. 

The tremendous growth of the Engineering De- 
partment, which was separated from the Literary 
Department and made a separate school in 1895, 
is one of the most striking incidents of our history 
since the semi-centennial. In 1887 ninety-three were 
studying engineering; now there are 1292, and with 
the summer session 1357. Then the graduating class 
numbered seventeen; now 228. For a time the en- 

C 45 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

gineers threatened to crowd everything else ofFthe 
campus. 

In the founding of technical branches the Univer- 
sity was among the earliest institutions in the coun- 
try ; among the state universities it was the first. In 
the early days the technical courses in engineering 
were limited, which gave the students abundant op- 
portunity for cultural studies ; but as the science of en- 
gineering developed it became necessary to add more 
and more of technical subje61s to the curriculum to 
the exclusion of cultural subje6ls, so that the gradu- 
ate in engineering to-day has had little opportunity for 
anything more than the technical branches and con- 
sequently is not so broadly trained as the engineers 
of an earlier time. The trend, therefore, of modern 
engineering schools will probably be toward longer 
courses, for the engineer of the future must be a 
broadly educated man, if he is to discharge success- 
fully the fun6lions that are bringing him into closer 
relationship with advancing civilization and the prob- 
lems of the day. 

The aim of the department is to lay a foundation of 
sound theory, sufficiently broad and deep to enable its 
graduates to enter understandingly on the future in- 
vestigation of the several specialties of the engineer- 
ing profession, and at the same time to impart such 
knowledge of the usual professional pra6lice as will 
make its students useful upon graduation, in subor- 
dinate positions. The graduates have taken a promi- 
nent part during the past forty years in almost all the 
great engineering enterprises in the country, and in 
the vast improvements which have been carried out 

C 46 ■} 



COMMEMORATION ADDRESS 

or planned for our internal waterways, the Missis- 
sippi, Missouri, and the Great Lakes, as well as the 
Panama Canal. 

The University, although a State institution bound 
to avoid se(51:arian conn e6l ion, has always recognized 
as sound the enlightened public sentiment, expressed 
in the Ordinance of 1787 and in the constitution of 
the State, that religion and morality, as well as know- 
ledge, are essential to good government and the hap- 
piness of mankind, and has steadily encouraged every 
Christian endeavor for the development of high moral 
tone in the young men and women committed to its 
care, and for the maintenance of a liberal and enlight- 
ened Christianity in the general, highest, and best 
use of the term. Christian associations and churches 
have continued to lend their aid with ever-increasing 
success and interest. Four of the largest churches in 
Ann Arbor maintain assistant pastors in dire6l efforts 
to reach the students, especially during the critical 
period of their first weeks in college ; three guild halls 
have been established, and the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association of the University, incorporated under 
the laws of the State, has grown to be the largest 
student association of its kind in the world, with an 
enrolment last year of 1395 men. In this wholesome 
atmosphere of helpful influence are the young men 
and women of the University prepared for life and 
citizenship. May they remember the teachings of the 
fathers, and their fostering mother, and may pros- 
perity and usefulness continue to be her portion. 



C 47 ] 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

I 

CHANCELLOR ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN, LL.D. 

OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 

REPRESENTING THE ENDOWED UNIVERSITIES 

THIS is a new role for me. After getting what 
education I could master, all of it in state insti- 
tutions, and after doing my turn of teaching in the 
state universities of the West, I find that my one year 
in New York University entitles me to speak for the 
endowed institutions of the East. The term of my ex- 
perience in these two camps is almost as sixteen to 
one, but there is nothing of magic in that ratio. We 
shall have to look deeper for a reason why New York 
University has the honor of representing the East 
to-day at this celebration of the beginnings of the 
higher education in the old Northwest. 

New York University and the University of Michi- 
gan belong to the same decade. It was the educational 
ideas and aspirations of the eighteen-hundred-thir- 
ties that went into their making, and the finer spirit 
of that age was as a6live in the new institution of the 
East as it was in the newinstitutionof the West. What 
Judge Woodward and Father Pierce and Isaac E. 
Crary were feeling after here in Michigan was the 
ideal of Morgan Lewis and John Delafield and Al- 
bert Gallatin and Chancellor Mathews in the city 
of New York. They sought to establish universities 
which should serve the American public more per- 
fectly than any that were then in existence. An edu- 
cation which should be a higher education, indeed, 

[ 48 ] 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

but should also be a broader education ; an education 
such as Jefferson had proje61ed for the Common- 
wealth of Virginia; an education of the people and 
for the people, in which the people should have pride 
and confidence. That was the desired haven and that 
was the guiding star of these adventurers, both east 
and west. 

But the history of these two institutions has a still 
more intimate bond of conne6lion; for it was Henry 
P. Tappan, who for six years had been Professor of 
Moral Philosophy in New York University, that the 
Regents finally made the first President of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan. 

I am not the only Michigan man now at Wash- 
ington Square and University Heights. Lawrence 
McLouth of the class of '87 is head of our German 
department. Our staff of administration is made up 
principally of men from the smaller colleges of Mich- 
igan. Jeremiah Jenks of '78, Commencement Ora- 
tor of 1912, casts in his lot with us at the opening of 
the next academic year. And all of us together will 
do well if we shall make any adequate return to New 
York for what she gave to Michigan when she gave 
to this University her great first President. 

The difference between our state universities and 
universities privately endowed ought not to be ex- 
aggerated. But they are real differences, and are not 
to be ignored. The institutions of these different types 
have equally a work to do, a work which shall ref]e61a 
manifold lustre upon our common Fatherland. They 
are public institutions one and all. Those of the east- 
ern state and of the older type have served and are 

[ 49 H 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

to serve the Nation well. They have sent many jus- 
tices and senators and presidents to Washington. 
It is not at all unlikely that this year again one of 
the most venerable among them may furnish for the 
White House its tenant for a four-year term. Yale 
is willing, and her offering may not be refused. In 
that event there will be no moving day at the White 
House. Or if a Harvard man should be the chosen 
one, it will be no new experience to the college nor 
to the man. And if it should by any possibility be 
Princeton, why then, Princeton, too, will not forget 
that she has had her Madison there before, and that 
Cleveland was bound to her by peculiar ties. 

In other ways than providing candidates for the 
presidency, the great endowed universities have a 
public service to render. Their work, I cannot doubt, 
is a work which they and their kind alone can do. 
On the other hand, the great universities of the states 
have likewise a work which they and their kind alone 
can do. Not only that, but they have given a new 
trend and anew spirit to our higher instruftion, which 
are of incalculable significance. It is not too much to 
say that the most conspicuous fa6l of the past gen- 
eration in this field is the fa6l that the state univer- 
sities have found new ways in which universities may 
serve the state and have infused their new spirit into 
the whole university movement in America. 

In recent years the older institutions have been 
free to acknowledge their indebtedness to the new. 
On the day of President Lowell's inauguration at 
Cambridge, President James of Illinois delivered an 
address on the spirit and the achievements of the 

[ so ] 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

state universities. At its close, President Eliot said to 
the assembled Harvard alumni, " Men of Harvard, 
there is your competitor of the future." 

The national dinner of the University of Michigan 
in the city of New York a year ago gave an impres- 
sive demonstration of the leadership which this Uni- 
versity has exercised in the movement of the time. 
Even to those sons of Michigan to whom this demon- 
stration could not be altogether a surprise, it was an 
occasion for a great heart- warming. A wave of pride 
swept over us at the Grand Review of our own Alma 
Mater. 

I cannot speak simply for those institutions I am 
asked to represent to-day. I cannot speak as an out- 
sider at all. We men of the seventies and eighties 
know that we were students here when President 
Angell and his companion s-in-arms were fighting 
the last hard fight for the recognition of the state uni- 
versity idea and for the rightful influence of that idea 
in our American life. We saw them carry on their 
struggle with incomparable poise and patience, with 
all sweetness and enlightenment. The first place in 
our affection and admiration went unswervingly then 
as now to the one great leader who was for us the 
only Prexy in all the land. And those who were with 
him were a goodly company. Was there ever a gen- 
tler or a truer knight of any academic crusade than 
was Henry Simmons Frieze? And how many other 
names, beloved and honored, crowd upon thememory: 
Cooley, Prescott, Ford, Morris, Elisha Jones, Hins- 
dale, Pattengill, Walter! Except for the one great 
leader, I mention only a few of those who are gone, 

C 51 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

and none of those who are still with us, though fu- 
ture historians will count them all of that same high 
fellowship. If this is the time when words of congrat- 
ulation are to be spoken, we congratulate you, Mother 
of us all, that these have been the men through whom 
your words have been spoken, and that having lost 
men such as these, you are permitted still to go on 
from strength to strength, 

Mr. President, our loyalty and confidence are un- 
abated. You have followed the incomparable Prexy 
of our day, and the University goes on with never 
a break in its advance. You are doing new things, the 
value of which we gladly recognize. It is your high 
privilege to preside over an institution already recog- 
nized throughout the world as among the foremost 
in the sisterhood of American universities. In their 
diverse ways these institutions are all laboring for one 
great end. It is sometimes assumed and sometimes 
declared that the education of a democracy must be 
a low education. Our American universities are united 
in the belief that the education of a democracy must 
be a high education. How shall an education be both 
high and democratic.^ The answer to that question 
must be generations long. But the hope of our social 
order hinges upon that answer, and American uni- 
versities will work together unceasingly that a true 
answer may eventually be given. 



: 52 3 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

II 

PRESIDENT JOSEPH WILLIAM MAUCK, LL.D. 

OF HILLSDALE COLLEGE 

REPRESENTING THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGES 

It was but yesterday, as the history of states is meas- 
ured, when a patriotic vision, a word of a legislature, 
and a trail of wild land were the sole evidences that 
the University of Michigan had begun to be. We who 
are here to-day may well marvel at the thought that 
in a brief three-quarters of a century has arisen from 
such crude and seemingly inadequate forces this mag- 
nificent institution, intended to be, as it a6lually is, the 
conservator of what is best in the life and resources 
of a commonwealth. A fitting occasion it is for felicita- 
tion from all who honor their land and their fellows. 
Not least among these are the friends of the colleges 
for which I have the honor now to extend genuine 
greetings, felicitation, and Godspeed. 

High above the platform in our University Hall, 
higher than the ideal sketchings of art and learning, 
we read this inscription from the historic Ordinance 
of 1 787, aptly and forcefully quoted by the orator of 
to-day: "Religion, morality, and knowledge being 
necessary to good government and the happiness of 
mankind, schools and the means of education shall 
forever be encouraged." Fitly would like prominence 
be given a part of the first amendment to the Federal 
constitution, submitted to the legislatures of the states 
in 1789: "Congress shall make no laws respe6ting 
an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof." 

C 53 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

These two comprehensive principles, declared al- 
most simultaneously by the same people, are con- 
sistent. The second, prohibiting a state church which 
might limit the freedom of the individual conscience 
in its most sensitive and sacred sphere, is so far from 
being opposed or indifferent to religion that it throws 
around it the guard of the fundamental law of the 
land, and reassures to religion the vital place in good 
government to which the Ordinance had exalted it. 

Unhappily, we are prone to think of church and 
religion as synonymous, and a state or institution 
that has no church is here and there viewed as having 
no religion. The state may not impose the forms and 
creeds of any one religion or church, but a state wholly 
stripped of religion, which is a taproot of the moral- 
ity that is vital to its very life, was most remote from 
the intent of the constitutional amendment quoted, 
and it is as remote from the mind of the most ardent 
defender of state education. 

Church colleges, the mothers of the higher educa- 
tion, were from the start special agencies of religion 
as represented by a church broken into se6ls, each 
in conscience bound to maintain its own concep- 
tions of religion. The state and its schools, in due 
time taking over a great part of the prodigious task 
of supplying an education suited to a great people 
in a complex state and national life, with demands 
hopelessly beyond the power of a divided church, 
have on the one side been charged with a deadening 
of religious faith, and on the other side have been 
pressed by those who identify religion with an or- 
ganized church and insist upon an effacement of all 

C 54 ] 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

religious a6iivities, now and then resorting to courts 
to this end. It is easy in this particular year of grace 
to talk about the recall of judges and their decisions, 
and one becomes bold to express the feeling that 
courts have in some cases failed to draw clearly the 
line between religion and a church, and have made 
decisions which deny to the schools the '*free exer- 
cise" of religion broadly defined. Such decisions are 
measurably the produ6l of an insistent public senti- 
ment at the time. When in our political evolution 
public sentiment may decree that the religious side 
of the people shall come within the range of public 
education of the whole man, along with the physi- 
cal and intellectual, — of course without ecclesiastic 
or se61arian bias, — the language of the decisions, 
open to diversity of interpretation as all language is, 
will receive an interpretation consonant with public 
sentiment as then expressed. The great subje6l of 
religion, which takes hold upon the profoundest 
and most universal aspirations of our being, will then 
have its just and avowed place in public education, 
no longer, as now, an incidental phase of philosophy. 
So much as a prediftion. 

The rise of state education has involved more than 
a mere entry into the field once reserved to the 
church schools. It has set for them new definitions 
of education, broader and of a cost almost prohibitive 
for them. A result has been that the church college 
has attempted an impossible competition — that of 
providing the sort and scope of curricula offered by 
universities which are supported by all the taxing 
power of the state, and adding the religious field 

[155 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

from which the university has been largely excluded 
by influences already indicated. It should have re- 
quired no inspired prophet to see that the field in 
which there was no competition would suffer by the 
process, and it is not toomuch to say that, while strain- 
ing their limited resources to keep the pace in mul- 
tiplying subje6ls, costly laboratories, professional and 
technical courses, the emphasis on religious training, 
which chiefly justifies the mission of church schools, 
has not commensurately advanced. It is not said or 
believed that they are a6lually less religious, but that 
the relative emphasis is less. In late years their tend- 
ency has been toward a return to a fuller discharge 
of their original fun6fions. A second predi6lion is that 
this tendency will mitigate the errors of competition, 
and a frank admission will be made that the state can 
and must do some things which the church cannot 
and should not attempt. 

Se6ts as such are less and less in evidence in their 
schools. They are still ardent for education under 
broadly religious influences, but are dire6fing their 
chief forces to non-se6larian lines and a citizenship 
of reverent faith. 

He who said in substance that religions are many 
but religion is one, put a vital truth into a fitting 
phrase. Certainly creeds are many in name, but the 
religious intuition, varied in expression by differing 
conditions of men, is in essence one. Universal and 
deep-rooted, with or without formulated creed, it faces 
us on every side. In the era of education upon which 
we but lately entered, a key-note of which is the sci- 
entific study of the soul of man as an individual and 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

social being, with all of his modes of thought, will, 
and emotion, his natural, inherited, and acquired as- 
pirations, predile6lions, and prejudices, this intuition 
cannot be evaded. Would it be a rash predi6lion that 
early in another seventy-five years the state through 
its university will bring into relief the nature and 
essentials of the religious life of its people, Jew and 
Gentile, Protestant and Romanist, liberal and con- 
servative, religionist and non-religionist, and with- 
out offence to either interpret the unity of religion, 
as it is attempting to prove the unity of science and 
philosophy ? It would be safely within the cherished 
do6lrine of separation of church and state, and in 
accord with the declaration upon the trinity of reli- 
gion, morality, and knowledge in good government 
and human happiness. 

Be the future what it may in this respe6f:, it is the 
high privilege and the duty of all of us to serve to- 
gether for the good of all the people; and accept- 
ing your courteous invitation to participate here and 
now, which we interpret as a token of your desire for 
continued goodwill and cooperation, we heartily re- 
ciprocate, and pause where we began, with an all-hail 
and Godspeed. 

Ill 

PRESIDENT WILLIAM OXLEY THOMPSON, D.D., LL.D. 

OF OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 

REPRESENTING THE STATE UNIVERSITIES 

With full recognition of the honor of being per- 
mitted to speak for the state universities, I am also 
conscious of my inability to do them justice in pre- 

[ 51 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

senting their message upon this occasion, since there 
is such universal agreement as to the influence of 
the University of Michigan in the development of 
state university ideals for the country. There can be 
no doubt that each one, if permitted to speak for it- 
self, would point out some feature of the education 
here that has been both helpful and inspiring. 

While it is true that the rapid and substantial de- 
velopment of state universities through the Middle 
West has been since the great Civil War, it is not to 
be overlooked that from the very beginning the Uni- 
versity of Michigan has been founded upon princi- 
ples and praftices so thoroughly American and de- 
mocratic as well as sound educationally that it was the 
first to show the results of the state university policy. 

It was the first university to grasp the central 
fundamental ideas in state education and to develop 
its usefulness to the state by a close and cordial rela- 
tion with all the grades of public education. Here 
the public high school and the university have been 
intimately related from the beginning. In prafti- 
cally every state in the newer West the University 
of Michigan has been held as a model and a stand- 
ard of efficiency. During the last quarter of the nine- 
teenth century, when other universities were coming 
to their strength, this University and the State of 
Michigan were frequently cited as illustrating the 
normal and happy relation between the state and 
higher education. 

Here the ele6five principle and the principle that 
the state through the university should provide an 
education that fits men and women for all kinds of 

C 58 ] 



CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 

public service and for the highest types of citizenship, 
found cordial support. The result has been that the 
graduates of this University have refle6led these 
principles in their citizenship. In other states they 
have been the a6live friends and supporters of public 
education. The state universities and public schools 
alike rejoice on this occasion to pay a tribute to the 
leadership and prestige of the University of Michi- 
gan. In these years of growth and progress the Uni- 
versity enjoyed the distindlion of having many men 
in the Faculty whose learning and chara6ler were a 
strong attra6tion to students in other states as well 
as in Michigan. Not the least fadlor in this career 
was the leadership of a president who for a genera- 
tion was both admired and beloved by all friends of 
higher education. This occasion is the more happy 
that the most beloved of all state university presi- 
dents, James Burrill Angell, is here to rejoice with 
us. In his leadership we all follow, and for his com- 
manding influence in American education we are 
profoundly grateful. 

On behalf of the state universities I am happy in 
bearing greetings and in extending congratulations 
upon seventy-five years of service in the cause of 
education. But I am not less pleased in the privilege 
of extending congratulations upon the fa6l that for 
pra6lically one-half of this period the University has 
enjoyed the advantage and distin6lion of having as its 
president the scholar, the Christian gentleman, and 
the student's friend who, as the years have come, has 
taken a place in our afFe61ions which entitles him to be 
called the Apostle John of all American presidents. 

: 59 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

In these seventy-five years, long to be remem- 
bered for the stress of a Civil War that tested the per- 
petuity of our institutions and of our government; 
for an unprecedented national development; for a 
marvellous growth in population and the rapid rise of 
great cities ; for the accumulation of fabulous fortunes 
and the unlimited discussion of political, social, and 
religious problems, the state university has been the 
most potent fa6lor in our intelleciUial life. In the crea- 
tion and development of these forces the University 
of Michigan has long been recognized as a safe and 
honored leader. 

And now, President Hutchins, I congratulate you 
upon the distinction that is yours in this happy hour. 
An appreciative and grateful people rejoice that you 
have been chosen in a line of honorable and distin- 
guished service. May your strength increase with the 
years, and may the University over which you pre- 
side, gathering inspiration from the splendid history 
that focuses upon this hour, meet the opportunities 
and duties of the coming years in the same loyalty to 
the truth, the same love of learning, the same devo- 
tion to the interests of the students, and the same 
spirit of service to the state that have given it a na- 
tional recognition as a beneficent force in American 
education and life. 

Again, on behalf of the state universities that I 
have the honor to represent, permit me to join in the 
felicitations of the occasion and express the hope that 
the honorable record of these seventy-five years may 
serve as an introdu6lion to a long record of not less 
distinguished service. 

C 60 ] 



SPEECHES 
AT THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 



SPEECHES 
AT THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

[in the university library, WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE 26] 
I 

PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES BURRILL ANGELL, LL.D. 

MR. President and Delegates: Our students are 
habitually dire6led to this hall to find the 
treasures of learning. But when have so many such 
treasures been gathered here as are now brought 
by these learned representatives from the colleges 
and universities of our land ^ We beg to express our 
gratitude to you for manifesting by your visit to us 
the spirit of friendship and brotherhood which now 
binds together the institutions of higher learning. 

It has occurred to me that many who are here are 
not aware how different, even as late as my earlier 
years, were the relations of these institutions. They 
lived in a certain remoteness from each other. They 
did not send delegates to visit each other on festal 
occasions. Perhaps it would not be unjust to say that 
at least in New England there was a certain rivalry, 
in some cases jealousy, of each other. The number 
of students in each being small according to present 
standards of numbers, there was sometimes keen 
and a61:ive competition in securing the graduates of 
preparatory schools. The appointment of the grad- 
uate of one college to the faculty of another was 
almost unknown. Consequently there was in each col- 
lege a deleterious breeding in-and-in, and a certain 
narrowness in the life of many of the institutions. 

How great and how beneficent has been the 
C 63 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

change, I need hardly say. There is now a real friend- 
ship and intimacy between us. Instead of envying 
each other the numbers in attendance, we seek to 
learn of each other how to care for the numbers with 
which we are embarrassed. We study each other's 
methods of instru6lion and administration for our 
profit. We call bright young men from each other's 
body of graduates, to enrich ourselves with the spirit 
of their training. We rejoice in each other's prosper- 
ity, and delight to find opportunities to express our 
joy in festal occasions. We have all come to believe 
that any really good college or university helps and 
not harms any other really good ones, so we are all 
with glad hearts cooperating as best we can in doing 
our duty to the public and blessing the nation. 

II 

THE HONORABLE ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, LL.D. 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Although I 
have never had the honor to sit on the benches of this 
institution as an undergraduate, I have been insisting 
for the last half-century that the best part of my edu- 
cation was given me by the University of Michigan. 
It is, in fa 61, just fifty-five years since I began to re- 
ceive instru6lion here, in a course which lasted six 
years, this course consisting of le6lures and other 
instruction in modern history, given by me to the 
Michigan undergraduates of that period, a course 
which benefited me quite as much as it profited them, 
and, very likely, more. 

The men whose work had especially attraCled me 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

hither were, at first, two: Henry Philip Tappan, Pres- 
ident, and Professor Henry Simmons Frieze, later 
A6ting President of the institution. To these were 
added, soon after my arrival here. Professors Cooley, 
Campbell, and others, association with whom I have 
always counted among the great blessings of my life. 

The members of the Faculty were by no means my 
only instructors. For a valuable part of my education 
was received from my students, in my own le(51ure 
rooms and elsewhere. Many of these students were 
fully of my own age, several were older, and they 
taught me well. 

It had been my fortune to receive instru6lion in 
my favorite subje6ts at sundry universities at home 
and abroad, and I came to Ann Arbor with an intense 
desire to bring the teachings of history to bear upon 
students, in view of the great crisis in our national 
history, which was then beginning to appear, and 
which four years later bloomed forth into the Civil 
War. I wished especially to awaken these men of the 
future to the duties of American citizenship, as taught 
by the examples of other nations which had gone 
through great troubles, trials, and ordeals, in their 
efforts to establish and maintain human liberty. But 
I soon found that in this awakening process my stu- 
dents were doing quite as much for me as I was 
doing for them. In a very real sense they were awak- 
ening and teaching me. I discovered that their ques- 
tions upon my le6lures and quizzes demanded learn- 
ing such as was given neither at New Haven, Berlin, 
nor Paris, and I worked hard to grapple with them. 
During our discussions my students constantly pro- 

1 65 : 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

posed new questions and suggested new ideas. Many 
of these youths were soon to become judges, mem- 
bers of Congress, presidents and professors of univer- 
sities, and one, indeed, was ere long to be an honor 
and an ornament to the Senate of the United States. 

In all this work of mine I was led by faith, — faith 
in two things: first, in the future of the newly es- 
tablished state universities; and secondly, in a great 
work to be wrought in the nation by the states of 
the Middle West. Hence it was that I came to believe 
that working upon the students in a western state 
university, especially in one so vigorous as was this 
University even at that time, was the best means of 
working on the nation at large, in view of the strug- 
gle then impending. 

Both these articles of my faith turned out to be 
well based, — better based, indeed, than I had ever 
dreamed. 

Out of the fa6ls that I have thus far given many 
subje6ls might be drawn, but I shall confine myself 
at present to just one. 

This one thing is the debt due this nation and to 
each and every one of its states by the men whom 
it has educated, — debts as yet not fully paid. I am 
assured as a fa6l that this institution has more of its 
alumni on judicial benches and in Congress than has 
any other of all her sister universities in the whole 
Union. Now, this being the case, I ask, what have 
these graduates done, and what are they going to do 
in their positions of influence, in order to make some 
proper return to their respe6live states and to the 
nation ^ 

L 66 2 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

As to what they have clone, I can answer for some 
graduates, and especially for those whom I saw 
go forth with the army which saved this Union, 
many of them to lay down their lives for their coun- 
try. As for what those now living are to do, I hope 
and believe that they are to render those services to 
the states and the nation which are now so greatly 
needed. As graduates of this University in former 
days were willing to die for their country, I hope that 
those of the present day will be willing to live for their 
country. 

All thinking men see that just now various great 
reforms are needed, and of these I will name three. 
[^Mr. White then spoke of reforms necessary in the 
administration of civil and criminal law, and in sun- 
dry matters of state legislation, and continued, as fol- 
lows: J Finally, let me call your attention to a third 
problem, which, though not a matter of life and death 
to our civilization, as are the two which I have just 
mentioned, is one of great and pressing importance. 
It concerns the fair fame of this Republic. It has to 
do with the relations of republicanism and democracy 
to sane opinion throughout the world. We are called 
upon to deal with it in view of that consideration 
to which Thomas Jefferson referred as a reason for 
presenting to the world the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence: namely, " a decent regard to the opinions 
of mankind." 

Pardon me for intruding upon you certain experi- 
ences of my own bearing upon this subje6l. Four 
times during my life I have been asked to repre- 
sent my neighbors at a national convention called 

C 67 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

to nominate a candidate for the presidency. The 
first of these conventions was that which renomi- 
nated Abraham Lincohi at Baltimore, in 1 864. It was 
held in a theatre or opera house of moderate size. 
The delegates and their alternates on the floor out- 
numbered the spectators in the galleries. Any dele- 
gate could be heard and the discussions which took 
place were not prompted and not interrupted by spec- 
tators. There was nothing in it in the nature of a cir- 
cus or show. It was discussion, — calm, deliberate, 
wise, and therefore fruitful in good results. It was di- 
re6led to the interest of the whole American people, 
and not to the desire for spe6lacular effefts by a mob 
crowded into the galleries. I repeat and accentuate 
this statement: that convention at Baltimore in 1864 
was a deliberative body. 

The next convention of which I was a member 
assembled at Philadelphia in 1872, and renominated 
Ulysses S. Grant. This convention was also held in 
an opera house of suitable size. Its delegates and al- 
ternates outnumbered the spe6lators. It was there- 
fore a deliberative body. It was condu6led by calm 
and thoughtful men. It tolerated no interference from 
the galleries. It was impressive, but not spe6lacular, 
and its conclusions, like those of the previous con- 
vention just named, were approved by the American 
people. 

The third convention to which I was sent was at 
Chicago in 1884, and nominated Mr. Blaine. It was 
held in what was called in those days a " Wigwam," 
and in these a " Coliseum." The latter name seemed 
especially appropriate, for in it fundamental repub- 

C 68 ] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

lican and democratic principles were butchered to 
make an American holiday. 

For it was not a deliberative body. It was, in the 
lowest sense of the word, a "show." You doubtless 
remember Artemus Ward's answer when he was 
asked regarding his principles. " Principles.^" he an- 
swered, "I ain't got no principles. I'm in the show 
bizzness." The delegates on the floor of this con- 
vention at Chicago in 1884 were outnumbered more 
than ten to one by the speftators. For while there 
were about a thousand who had been sent there 
as members of the convention, there were over ten 
thousand in the galleries. The result was that it 
was not a deliberative body. Not more than two or 
three of the really important speeches were heard 
beyond the platform. As a rule the talk which was 
heard was by eminent "fog-horns," men of more 
lungs than brains. 

The newspapers spoke of the doings as "dra- 
matic." That was a slander against the drama in any 
decent form. The proceedings on the whole were 
farcical. There were acrobatic tricks, clownish tricks, 
ground and lofty political tumbling of various sorts, 
stimulated by the galleries. The galleries themselves 
assumed an important part, and at times a leading 
part. I myself saw elegantly dressed men and women 
yelling, screaming, whooping, hissing speakers on 
the floor, and at times in hysterics — jumping up and 
down hke peas on a hot shovel. I saw also vari- 
ous delegations trooping around the room, waving 
sticks and flags, making themselves and their coun- 
try ridiculous. The childish chara6ler of such per- 

c 69 : 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

formances has recently attra6led the attention of that 
eminent philosopher, Mr. Dooley. In describing the 
proceedings of both the recent republican and de- 
mocratic conventions to his friend, Mr. Hennessey, 
he remarked in regard to the trooping of delegates 
about the room in order to elicit the applause of the 
galleries, — "And then, Hinnessey, the honorable 
dilegates began a game of ring around the rosy." 
Mr. Dooley in saying this penetrated profoundly the 
whole subje6l. 

It had, indeed, become mere child's play. Distin- 
guished visitors from other countries also looked on, 
and it was only their politeness which concealed their 
contempt for these proceedings, which disgraced both 
republicanism and democracy. 

It was evident that the interests of the millions of 
voters outside the convention were not thought of — 
the main obje61: of interest was the galleries. Then, 
too, came the yelling at the mention of candidates, 
for half an hour at a time, and it appears that this has 
now been increased, under the fostering influence of 
the galleries, to very nearly, if not quite, an hour. 
One important result of all this was that most of the 
best speakers could not be heard. Another result was 
that instead of reports of the really important com- 
mittees and speeches by thoughtful delegates, on 
candidates, resolutions, lines of policy, and claims 
of different portions of the Union, the space in the 
newspaper reports was largely sacrificed to accounts, 
more or less comically embellished, of the doings of 
the galleries and the effe6ts of these doings on the 
convention generally. 

C 70 ] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

Do you call this democratic or republican rule ? I 
deny it. The ten thousand of the swell mob of Chi- 
cago and adjacent towns was a barrier between the 
convention and the people. This mob in the galleries 
evidently considered that their rights to "see the 
show" were paramount to the rights of the American 
people to be represented in a well-ordered deliber- 
ative convention. The gallery mob, indeed, alleged, 
as the papers at the time declared, that very many 
of them had paid well for their seats, some of them, 
in fa6l, according to the same authority, twenty, 
thirty, fifty, and even a hundred dollars. What they 
wanted, what they considered they had a right to, 
was a show, — in the nature of a circus, — and in this 
they insisted on taking part. The result was that 
the rights of ninety millions of thoughtful American 
people, outside the convention, were usurped by a 
mob largely from the purlieus of a great city, seeking 
a new form, and a very low form,of amusement. The 
evolution of this idea is clear. On the last night of the 
Chicago convention in 1884, when came the nomi- 
nation for Vice-President, a mob largely of roughs 
was allowed to take possession of galleries near the 
platform, seizing in many cases the seats reserved 
for the ticket-holders, and there this packed mob ap- 
plauded those who favored the Chicago local candi- 
date for the second place in the ticket, and hissed all 
those who did not. Only one delegate ventured to 
breast the storm. I mention his name, not at all as his 
supporter at present, but for the truth of history. That 
man was Theodore Roosevelt. The whole vast mob 
howled and hooted " Sit down ! Sit down ! " It had no 

L 71 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

more effe6lupon him than your December gales have 
on the big stone boulder which your Class of 1862 
placed on the campus yonder. He stood calmly until 
he had tired out the yelling thousands, and then fin- 
ished his speech protesting against the mob which was 
attempting to confiscate the rights of the citizens of 
this whole Republic. 

Under such circumstances as these I have pre- 
sented, a political convention ceases to be a deliber- 
ative body, and this fa6l is in accordance with a very 
simple principle of physics and of psychology. It is a 
principle which leads to the fa61: that tonguey politi- 
cians in such a convention are obsessed and possessed 
by a great audience closely surrounding them, ris- 
ing above them, pressing down upon them, and thus 
shutting out the audience of ninety millions which lies 
outside and beyond. It is that fa6t, as simple in psy- 
chology as in physics, in accordance with which a blue- 
bottle fly on the window in your room on the Pincian 
Hill at Rome will obscure the vast dome of St. Peter's 
on the distant hill of the Vatican beyond. It is a know- 
ledge of this principle which leads managers of great 
trust and insurance companies to lay a ten dollar gold 
piece at the seat of each of its dire6lors, — men who 
perhaps have an interest of thousands of dollars in 
the matters discussed at the meeting, but who forget 
this distant interest and come hurrying down town 
from distant parts of the city, in order to be in time 
to pocket the gold piece. 

Of my fourth ele6lion as a delegate, about a fort- 
night since, I will not speak further than to say that 
I requested my alternate to attend last week at Chi- 

C 72 ] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

cago mainly for the reason that, remembering my 
past experiences, I felt that, if I cared to waste time 
in a mob assembled for amusement, I could attend 
a better circus at home. I felt that were these con- 
ventions deliberative bodies, as down to a recent 
period they were, they would be worth attending. As 
at present conducted, they are simply the most con- 
temptible of amateur shows. 

As to the conventions of this year in Chicago and 
Baltimore, the reports in the papers show that they are 
mainly of the old amateur circus sort. What the vast 
majorityof voters throughout the country wanted was 
reports of speeches from such men as Mr. Root and 
Judge Parker, and the minor speeches which were 
elicited, or which ought to have been elicited, by them 
from delegates on the floor. What the voters wished 
to know was what currents of thought were passing 
through the minds of their delegates with reference to 
the great questions which are now before the Ameri- 
can people. But of all this they got very little, in fa6l 
next to nothing. Accounts of the "show" crowded 
out from the newspapers many of the most impor- 
tant discussions. The whole was simply an example 
of Artemus Ward's "show bizzness," condu61;ed 
mainly for the benefit of a local mob. Do not think 
that I am alone in censuring this disgrace to both the 
great political parties. You can hardly have forgot- 
ten how, when one of the most eminent democrats in 
the Union returned from the Chicago convention of 
1884, he poured forth, with an eloquence to which I 
can never pretend, his vexation and disgust at scenes 
of this kind in the convention of his own party, and 

[ 73 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

declared that they were a disgrace to American de- 
mocracy. 

I trust that you younger men now going forth from 
this great University, many of you hoping to enter 
pubHc hfe, will set yourselves against this whole cir- 
cus, fog-horn "show bizzness" — condu6led, as it is, 
mainly for the benefit of stockholders in " wigwams" 
and coliseums — and see that pains be taken in the 
future to preserve the rights of the whole American 
people. Thus alone can the newspaper organs of pub- 
lic opinion present the real utterances and vital dis- 
cussions of these conventions, unmixed with folly or 
farce. To secure this consummation I would go to 
great length, and, indeed, might possibly advocate a 
statute which would declare null and void all nomina- 
tions made by a convention, either state or national, 
in which the majority of the persons present was not 
composed of delegates and alternates. 

You may consider that the contempt of thinking 
lovers of liberty throughout the world for such pro- 
ceedings in nominating a Chief Magistrate of the 
United States is of little importance. Such was not 
the feeling of Thomas Jefferson. I again recall to you 
that utterance of his, in the most important document 
ever sent out by a convention to the world — "a de- 
cent regard to the opinions of mankind." 

Ill 

CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH, LL.D. 

I FIND it a great pleasure to return occasionally to my 
beloved Alma Mater and observe its steady growth, 

C 74 ] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

intelle6lual and material; the steadily increasing 
number of its splendid buildings with their fine equip- 
ment; the thousands of magnificent trees on the 
campus which were mere saplings when I was a stu- 
dent here. My own class tree is one of the finest of 
these, but our class stone, which seemed a mighty 
boulder when we brought it miles from the country 
with much labor and expense, looks smaller every 
time I see it. By contrast with its environment it has 
shrunken to insignificance in size, but the sentiment 
conne6led with it glows as brightly as ever. 

Our University is celebrating the seventy-fifth 
anniversary of its founding. Seventy-five years is 
a long period in the life of an individual, but it is 
youth in the life of a great university. Many Ameri- 
can institutions of learning are much older than 
ours. Harvard has nearly four times our age to her 
credit. 

Let us boast, then , not of our age, but of the accom- 
plishments of the wonderful period in which we have 
lived and grown great, and of our part in those ac- 
complishments. 

Seventy-five years ago the older colleges were 
confined to a very narrow range of instru6lion, con- 
sisting largely of Latin and Greek. Since that time 
the enlargement of the field of knowledge has been 
greater than in the preceding thousand years; and 
our courses of instru6lion have multiplied accord- 
ingly, so that now we offer to the student for selec- 
tion enough courses of study to occupy the best part 
of his lifetime if he were to take them all. I doubt if 
the graduate of that period could pass the entrance 

[ 75 3 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

examinations of to-day without first spending a year 
or two in a preparatory school. 

It is interesting to reflect that virtually all the 
great achievements of modern civilization are em- 
braced in the lifetime of our University. We have 
witnessed the growth from early infancy of the 
world's vast system of steam railways, the iron and 
steel industry, the great chemical industries, and the 
use of mineral fuel. We have witnessed both the birth 
and development of the mineral oil industry and the 
use of natural gas; of steam navigation and the giant 
steel ships of to-day ; of the great steel battleships 
with their steel armor and their monstrous steel 
guns ; of mighty steel bridges and steel buildings ; of 
the telegraph and the telephone ; of the ele6lric light; 
of the ele6lric railway, which has revolutionized city 
and country life; of ele6lric power transmission, mak- 
ing available the vast energy of our great water- 
falls; of the steam turbine, the gas engine, the flying- 
machine, the automobile, and many other things. We 
are now witnessing the passing of the horse, the 
nearly universal beast of burden and locomotion for 
thousands of years. In the realms of science the dis- 
coveries of the last few years are quite unprece- 
dented in a like period of any age. We are a6lually 
learning something of the structure of the atom at 
one end of the scale of magnitudes, and of the con- 
stitution of the universe at the other end of the scale. 

Engineering achievement and scientific discovery 
seem to be advancing in geometrical progression, 
or as some power of the time involved ; and the end 
in any dire^lion cannot be predicted. As the fron- 

i: 76] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

tiers of discovery are pushed forward, unlimited new 
fields for exploration come into view. 

While these great achievements have been in 
progress our University has grown from small be- 
ginnings to a conspicuous place in the very front rank 
of great American universities; and in the advance- 
ment of knowledge during this unparalleled period 
we have contributed our full share and more than held 
our place. Always and everywhere our graduates 
are to be found among the leaders in all the higher 
fields of human endeavor. 

Great as we have grown, however, a greater 
future awaits us. We shall harvest as we have sown, 
and must continue the sowing for a yet greater 
harvest. All honor and praise to the University of 
Michigan. 

IV 
PROFESSOR WILLIAM HENRY HOWELL, M.D., LL.D. 

It has been some twenty years since I had the pleas- 
ure and the privilege of being a member of the 
Faculty of this University. Although this conne6lion 
lasted but a brief three years, it formed an eventful 
period in my life, for I made here some friendships 
which I prize highly, and I acquired for the University 
a respe6l and an afFe6lion that have been intensified 
by every succeeding conta61:. My acquaintance with 
what I may call the best of the state universities 
converted me into a warm advocate of the system 
of state universities as contrasted with private foun- 
dations. It seemed to me then, as it does now, to be 
a fine thing that every citizen of a commonwealth 

: 77 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

should have the privilege of contributing through 
taxation to the support of a complete system of edu- 
cation extending from the primary schools to the 
university and its professional schools, and that every 
citizen who believes in this state-controlled educa- 
tion is at liberty to advocate openly by every legiti- 
mate means the continuation of generous appropria- 
tions on the part of the legislature. Such a method of 
obtaining the necessary funds for the maintenance 
and growth of an educational institution seems to me 
to be more dire6l and, if I may say so, more self- 
respe6ling than that of dependence upon the bounty 
of wealthy patrons, for a relation of this latter kind 
not infrequently forces the university and its officers 
into the unenviable position of a mendicant asking 
for alms. The history of the state universities has 
demonstrated beyond any doubt that our states are 
able and willing to promote the higher as well as 
the lower education, and the increasing liberality 
with which their institutions of the higher learning 
have been treated not only indicates that the people 
are entirely satisfied with the investment, but it also 
furnishes conclusive evidence that those who have 
been charged with the expenditure of these large 
funds have a6led with great wisdom and success. 

If we may judge from the growth in the number 
of students, the success of the state universities has 
been remarkable, so remarkable in fa6l as to sug- 
gest certain serious thoughts as to the future. When 
I was here twenty years ago I looked upon this in- 
stitution as a going concern of somewhat unwieldy 
size, but since that time it has been growing and 

c 78 : 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

spreading like a green bay tree, and one naturally 
inquires where the process will end. If you have now 
five or six thousand students in attendance, it is quite 
probable that in another decade or two this number 
will be doubled, and when we consider the growth 
in population and wealth which may be expe6led 
in a state like this, it does not seem impossible that 
there may come a time when, as in the universities 
of the Middle Ages, there may gather here twenty 
or thirty thousand students seeking that general edu- 
cation which we Americans believe that every citi- 
zen, man or woman, has a right to possess. Such a 
prospe6l or fancy is not altogether pleasant to con- 
template, for it may be asserted with some positive- 
ness that the difficulties of instru61:ion increase about 
as the square of the number to be taught. If any such 
growth takes place, the final solution of the difficulty, 
so far as I can see with my untrained vision, will be 
found in the plan ofestablishing different foci through- 
out the state to take care of the general fundamental 
education and reserving the state university for the 
higher special and professional training which con- 
stitutes the real fun6lionof a university. There is little 
danger that so-called graduate instru6lion or profes- 
sional or technical education will ever suffer from ex- 
cessive numbers of students, since in the nature of the 
case the demand for such training will be restri6f:ed 
to a certain small percentage established by the needs 
of the community, and there is little possibility that 
any one university will be called upon to supply the 
demand for any large area of the country. In medi- 
cal education, for example, I am happy to believe that 

C 79 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

no one institution is likely to monopolize the best of 
the teaching talent or a large proportion of the stu- 
dents. The tendency, on the contrary, is toward the 
establishment of many good schools in different parts 
of the country, eventually perhaps one for each state, 
which will so divide the number of students that 
each school will be kept of a manageable size. The 
subje6l of medical education, as you know, has been 
under very a6live discussion in this country for the 
last decade or two. There has been an almost unbe- 
lievable number of essays and le6lures upon the 
defe6ls of our present system, and any number of 
suggestions of plans to overcome these defe6ls and 
establish a satisfa6lory system of medical instru61:ion. 
While there still prevails a great diversity of ideals, 
the outcome of all of this discussion has been a gen- 
eral improvement in medical training, an advance 
all along the line, and in this advance no school has 
taken a more honorable part than the Medical De- 
partment of this University. 

When the methods of the experimental sciences 
began to penetrate into the field of medicine, some 
of the older and more influential schools failed to ad- 
just themselves to the new conditions and thereby 
lost gradually their prestige. The Medical Depart- 
ment of this University, on the contrary, was among 
the first to adopt the newer methods of instru6lion, 
and early enrolled itself among the progressive 
schools in this country. It adds much, I think, to the 
credit of the University that all of its good work in 
this dire6fion was done quietly and modestly with- 
out undue flourish of trumpets. Its behavior in this 

C 80 ] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

respe6l contrasts favorably with that of some of our 
eastern schools, which, when forced by the pressure 
ofcompetition to modernize their methods, have been 
quick to make a virtue of their necessity and have 
attempted to claim among their own clientele the 
advantages of leadership, when as a matter of fa6l all 
they have been entitled to has been a high privacy 
in the rear rank. The enlightened progressiveness 
shown by this school is attributable in the long run, I 
suppose, to the fa6lthat it is so closely associated with 
the academic side of the University. For when all is 
said, the advances in medical education which we talk 
so much about consist simply in the introduction into 
the medical course of university methods and ideals. 
Some of us beheve that there is much room for im- 
provement in this direction, for as a matter of fa6t 
these methods and ideals have penetrated fully only 
into the first two years of the course, and we hope 
that the time is nearly ripe for their extension into 
the clinical years as well. The logical dedu6lion from 
the past history and present tendencies in medical 
instru6lion would seem to be that some such modi- 
fication of clinical teaching will constitute the next 
notable improvement in medical education. 

But while the medical school at Ann Arbor has 
enjoyed the advantages of a close association with 
the University and has demonstrated the beneficial 
results of such an association, I am convinced that 
in an immediate way it owes much of its success and 
progressiveness to the determined spirit, clear vision, 
and devoted loyalty of him who for so many years 
has afted as its Dean. The best means of determin- 

C 81 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

ing whether a school is thoroughly modern in spirit 
and awake to the needs of the time is found in the 
chara6ler of the appointments made to the profes- 
sorial staff. In any institution, I suppose, and partic- 
ularly in medical schools, on account of their connec- 
tion with the pra6lice of medicine, there exists some 
pressure to give the appointments to important chairs 
to men of local prominence and influence. Appoint- 
ments of this kind are usually very satisfa6lory to 
the community concerned, and I should imagine, al- 
though I speak herewith great hesitation, that in state 
schools this pressure might be greater than else- 
where owing to the influence such names might have 
upon the question of legislative assistance. Whether 
or not this condition of affairs has prevailed here to 
any extent is, of course, hidden from me, but what I 
and others must recognize very thankfully is that in 
this school for many years the appointments to im- 
portant chairs have gone to men who have been qual- 
ified in the best sense for the positions, that is to say, 
they have been men who have had the training of 
specialists, who have been able to teach their subje6ls 
according to the methods used in the best schools 
of the world, and who, moreover, have been quali- 
fied to advance their subjects by independent inves- 
tigations. For it seems to me that any school which 
aspires to be in the first rank must not only aim to 
make its instru6tion sound and modern, but it must 
also establish its claim as a source of new knowledge. 
This obligation is laid upon your school as it is upon 
other schools of similar influence by the principle of 
noblesse oblige. A first-class school cannot afford to 

[ 82 ] 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

be simply a disseminator or purveyor of knowledge 
gathered by others; it must give something in return; 
and this principle has been recognized and fully lived 
up to by this school. The record made by it for im- 
portant and scholarly contributions to medical science 
and medical pra6lice is equal, I believe, to that of any 
other medical school in this country. I hope, in accord- 
ance with the teaching of the parable of the talents, 
that the wise use which you have made of the treas- 
ures committed to your care will bring the reward 
of larger means and wider opportunities. As a former 
teacher and honorary alumnus of the school, I may 
perhaps take the liberty of indulging in one mild 
criticism, namely, that the school has been somewhat 
indifferent in the matter of allowing its teachers to 
be called elsewhere. My friends here will suspe6l 
that this is a criticism suggested by my own experi- 
ence. It is true that when I was called to another 
position I accepted, and severed my connexions here 
in an easy and friendly way. I have since come to 
recognize that, so far as I was concerned, this sep- 
aration was efFe6led without proper consideration, 
for I have not found elsewhere better opportunities 
for work nor any pleasanter or more stimulating en- 
vironment for living. The loss in this case was mine, 
not the University's; my place was filled promptly 
and more than satisfa6forily. I know, too, that a num- 
ber of your men have refused to accept what seemed 
to be most flattering and advantageous offers to go 
to other institutions, although in how far their stead- 
fastness was due to an effort on the part of the Uni- 
versity to retain them, rather than to their own feel- 

I 83 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

ing of loyalty, is unknown to me. Still, I have heard 
the remark made from time to time that Ann Arbor 
lets its men go too easily, on the principle apparently 
that there are as good fish in the sea as ever came 
out of it. The adage is true, no doubt, but the sea is 
a wide, wide place, and even with so skilful and suc- 
cessful an angler as Dr. Vaughan, it is not certain 
that you can make just the catch you want at the 
time you want it. I know all the difficulties, financial 
and otherwise, conne6led with such matters, but on 
general principles it seems to me that a school should 
try to hold on to its good or even to its fair men; 
partly because of the uncertainties conne6led with 
the process of finding suitable substitutes and partly 
because of the impression produced thereby on its 
circle of friendly competitors. Exchange of professors 
and exchange of students are both good principles, 
but in the nature of the case the benefits, if they are 
to be distributed equally, must rest upon an exchange 
that takes place in both direftions and on equal terms. 
When the current sets more one way than the other, 
the advantages are with the terminus ad quem rather 
than with the terminus a quo. A school of the impor- 
tance of Michigan cannot afford to be regarded in 
any sense as a recruiting station for other institu- 
tions. I have no doubt that this criticism is applica- 
ble mainly to times that are past rather than to the 
present, but I have ventured to make it in the first 
place because I have heard it made by others outside, 
and in the second place because the remedy which 
suggests itself supports a favorite thesis of mine to 
the efie6l that our universities would do well to give 

I 84 3 



THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON 

some attention to the matter of making professor- 
ships attra6live outside the questions of salary and 
equipment. I forbear, however, from enlarging upon 
this point. 

To return briefly to a matter which I touched upon 
a moment ago: it seems to me that the Medical De- 
partment of this University has a special opportunity 
to make an important contribution to the subje6l of 
medical education in this country. Out of our present 
somewhat chaotic conditions there must be evolved 
a national system or type of medical instruction suit- 
able to our needs and of a chara6ler such that it will 
be adopted throughout the country. So far as I can 
see, this unification of medical instru6lion must be 
effe6led through one of our state institutions, for they 
only have sufficient control of all the underlying edu- 
cation to enable them to coordinate properly the pre- 
liminary and the professional training. Among the 
state medical schools, yours is the best known and has 
the widest reputation. It has an honorable history and 
an established position. It has the support of a great 
university and the resources of a rich state. In any 
plans that it may wish to carry out it can afford to be 
independent of considerations regarding the effe6l 
upon the number of entering students, that nightmare 
which has so often paralyzed the progressive aftivity 
of some of our institutions ere6led upon private foun- 
dations. In the competitive struggle now in progress 
to attain a system which will best suit the needs of 
our times, this school, it seems to me, holds the stra- 
tegic position, and I hope that the matter will meet 
with your serious consideration, that you will try out 

C 85 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

and perfe6l a plan of medical instru6lion founded upon 
an adequate general training, which will be adopted 
as a national system. Such a unification of our first 
diverse ideals is bound to come in the near future, and 
it would be a great triumph and a great service for 
this school to lead the way in this as it has in other 
vital questions pertaining to medical education. 



C 86 ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS 
PROFESSOR JEREMIAH WHIPPLE JENKS, LL.D. 

[delivered in the PAVIUON, THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 10 A.M.] 

THE exercises of the morning are held prima- 
rily for the young men and young women who 
to-day first formally commence their tasks as mem- 
bers of the commonwealth. I am to speak in behalf of 
our loved Alma Mater, the great State University that 
holds it her prime duty to fit her sons and her daugh- 
ters for their responsibilities as citizens. I have there- 
fore thought it fitting to choose as the topic of the 
hour The Coming Citizenship, 

These days of political turmoil and strife are not 
only interesting, exciting. They are portentous or 
hopeful with issues that are vital. As citizens we 
should, if possible, avoid mistakes. If we would form 
sound judgments, we must look closely into funda- 
mental principles of society and of life, for politics is 
an outgrowth of deeper causes. 

To look ahead and judge the coming citizenship, 
we must note the signs of the times in various fields. 
I am not speaking only, or particularly, of the pres- 
ent political campaign. It would not be fitting on this 
auspicious day, when so many of you are to enter 
the path of your life's a6livity, to attempt to stir a 
momentary enthusiasm for any temporary candidate 
or any temporary cause. Rather is it fitting to point 
out the signs by which we may judge the dire6lion 
in which our State is moving, and indicate the princi- 
ples by which we may for a longer time wisely guide 

C 89 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

our a6ls as citizens, for an obligation that we must 
not ignore rests upon each of us to do his part as a 
member of the community. 

Our country as a pohtical body, the state, is simply 
all of us — the citizens. Our government is merely 
our grand committee to formulate and do our bidding 
in political matters in accordance with the rules laid 
down for guidance by ourselves and our fathers. 

And we as citizens are still men and women with 
ourvarious interests, our hopes, our fears, our desires, 
our purposes. But with all this variety each man's 
nature is one. Each man's life is a unit. Here and 
there, perchance, may be found a double charafter, 
a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; but such a being is ab- 
normal, a fit subje6l for the alienist. He is not a man. 
The chara6ler of man is the same, and ought to be the 
same, in all his various a6livities, — economic, social, 
religious, political. 

If we find, then, the trend of men's views in reli- 
gion, in morals, in education, in business, we may be 
sure that we can judge the drift of their political think- 
ing ; and we shall not be misled either by any chance 
outburst of the day's enthusiasm, or by any halting 
fear of a forward movement. 

What are some of these signs of the times .'^ 

Some two years ago a group of university seniors 
asked me to meet them for a Sunday evening talk. 
The subje6l was to be of my choosing. A61ing on the 
example of a fellow economist in another university, 
this suggestion was made as a basis for our talk : Each 
person present was to assume that he believed in the 
traditional, old-fashioned do6lrine of an immediate 

C 9° ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

formal judgment after death, which should deter- 
mine the future happiness or despair of human souls. 
Each was to imagine that he was St. Peter, the Judge. 
Then he was to consider how those coming before 
him for judgment could be asked two questions so 
all-searching, so ethically fundamental, that the an- 
swers would enable him to decide justly the fate of 
the soul newly freed from the fetters of the body. 

Each student present was given five minutes to 
formulate and put in writing his two questions. The 
papers were then gathered and classified. To my great 
surprise, out of some twenty-five students, — not 
goody-goody men, but the leading athletes, editors, 
managers, the prominent strong men in all fields of 
aftivity of the senior class, — all but three had in 
substance asked the same two questions. The three 
exceptions had apparently been influenced by some 
religious bias. They asked such questions as. Have 
you, in your earthly career, followed the teachings 
of the Bible ? or, Did you lead the life of a Christian ? 
But with these exceptions, all framed, in substance, 
these questions: 

( 1 ) Were you in life absolutely square with others 
and with yourself.'* 

( 2 ) Did you on earth live for yourself or for oth- 
ers, for the community.'* 

These questions, though not technically religious, 
in reality do sum up in cogent form the fundamental 
conceptions of Christianity, and it is a most hopeful 
indication of the trend of thought of the coming citi- 
zens that a group of young men of the most varied 
interests and tastes and habits should, without con- 

[ 91 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

ference, within five minutes, have agreed on these 
fundamental principles: truthfulness, clear-sighted 
judgment of self, and unselfish regard for others and 
for the public, as the supreme tests of a good life. The 
unanimity and promptness of the replies show them 
to be formulated life principles in the student body 
of the upper class. You would doubtless find it so 
among yourselves. It is in the life of the time. 

These heart-searching thoughts to these students 
were religious in character, but are they not equally 
valuable as tests for citizenship.^ We too often look 
upon the Si6\ of voting as the primary right and duty 
of the citizen, but has not citizenship to do with 
practically all the fundamentals of life.^ When Miss 
Stone was captured by Bulgarian brigands in 1901, 
the government of the United States did not inquire 
whether Miss Stone was a voter; she was an Amer- 
ican citizen entitled to prote6lion. Every child born 
into American citizenship has its rights and its duties 
prescribed long before the passing years have given 
it the right and the duty of exercising a direft in- 
fluence upon government by voting. A few weeks 
ago one of America's best known multimillionaires 
waited calmly, heroically, to meet his fate on the sink- 
ing Titanic. The following week the papers discussed 
the legal rights of even his unborn child cared for by 
the laws of the state and nation. 

Citizenship is not a matter of light concern, touch- 
ing only an a6l or two a year. Citizenship has that 
"high seriousness" which Matthew Arnold says 
forms the substance of all of the best and noblest 
poetry. Citizenship touches the deep things of life, 

c 92 :i 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

— religion, morals, and business, and finally politics 
as the refle6lion or the outgrowth of all these. The 
statesman is the man who foresees, uses, guides the 
forces upon which all these ideals and pra6lical a6liv- 
ities of life are based, in order to bring about through 
legislation and administration the welfare of the 
people ; and the people's belief in what really consti- 
tutes their welfare — religious, moral, economic — 
gives the statesman his power, and that belief is pri- 
marily the moving force in guiding the affairs of state. 
In the vegetable and animal kingdoms the survi- 
val of the species seems to be the blind aim which 
guides the instin6ls and habits and lives of the indi- 
viduals. In society, not only the survival of the tribe or 
of the state, but likewise the welfare of the members 
of society and of the citizens, are in the long run the 
goal toward which society and government are striv- 
ing, and the purpose toward the attainment of which 
statesmen bend their efforts. In all the great fields of 
human thought and a6lion, religion, morals, business, 
politics, the same chara6leristics of human thought 
manifest themselves in different countries, and obser- 
vation of the direction of human thought in these 
fields shows clearly the direction in which the state is 
driving. Thus can we judge the coming citizenship. 

Religion. In all great religions that have shaped on 
a large scale the welfare of humanity, the ideas of sin- 
cerity and of unselfish service for the salvation or 
betterment of humanity , and this through the a6ls of 
individuals, have been dominant. When, a few weeks 
ago. Yuan Shi Kai, the President of the new China, 
sent his greetings to a gathering of Christian mis- 

[ 93 3 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

sionaries expressing the goodwill of his government 
and of his people toward those who had striven 
unselfishly for the welfare of humanity and of his 
people, he was expressing the spirit of the great Con- 
fucius, whose teachings for five and twenty centuries 
have contributed so much politically as well as reli- 
giously to the welfareof the human race. "There were 
four things," say the Confucian Anale61s,*' which the 
Master taught: letters, ethics, devotion of soul, and 
truthfulness." "Tsze-Chang having asked how vir- 
tue was to be exalted and delusions to be discovered, 
the Master said: Hold faithfulness and sincerity as 
first principles and be moving continually to what is 
right. This is the way to exalt one's virtue." 

In Buddhism a like lesson is taught. Sakyamuni, 
the Buddha, son of the king, left his sleeping wife and 
babe, abandoned family and friends and wealth and 
power, to become a homeless wanderer, a penniless 
seeker after truth, in the same spirit of devotion to the 
welfare of others, in the same belief that only through 
the self-forgetful a6l of an individual could the way 
of rest and peace for suliering humanity be found. 
And when his search was ended and he believed that 
he had found the way, the teachings by which his 
many scores of millions of followers have been led to 
acquire merit for the peace of their souls, inculcated 
the same principles of truthfulness and unselfish sac- 
rifice to elevate humanity. 

The ancient Hebrew prophets taught in no less 
certain way the same fundamental principles as re- 
gards the spirit which must guide the a6ls of the true 
servant of Jehovah. 

c 94 ;] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

In Christianity, in addition to the purpose and the 
aim of religious teaching, Jesus gives us more clearly 
than any other of the founders of the great world re- 
ligions, the method hy which these principles, worked 
out in human character, tend to bring ahout the King- 
dom of God on earth, the true Republic of Freedom. 
The Founder of the Christian religion was a great 
Personality of marvellous independenceof Judgment, 
an iconoclast ready to assume the responsibility of 
breaking the letter of the law despite the prejudice 
and opposition of his fellows, in order that the spirit 
of the law might be upheld. The underlying princi- 
ples of his life and his teachings, summed up in words 
of thought and a6tion, seem to be substantially iden- 
tical with the fundamental principles of popular self- 
government, thus indicating again that the field of 
politics and that of religion, though different in their 
methods of cultivation, may often and ought always 
to produce like harvests. Last week in Chicago pro- 
gressives and conservatives in politics wrestled for 
the prize of leadership. This week a like contest is 
waging in Baltimore.^ Last week I saw a like pro- 
gressive versus conservative contest in a religious 
matter, the question of the interpretation of the Scrip- 
tures. Such questions, too, rouse passions not easily 
quieted. In times past they often led to murderous 
war. In the religious realm, weneverfind the Founder 
of Christianity hesitating to assume as an individual 
the responsibility for his own teachings and his own 
a6ls. Must not the citizen in the coming democracy 
be ready to stand alone, not di61:ated to by the leader 

'June 27, 1912, tlie democratic nominating convention was in session. 

C 9.0 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

of his fa6lion but himself bearing the responsibility 
of his a6ls? In so doing, it is essential that he do his 
own independent thinking, and reach his own con- 
clusions after due deliberation. Such a citizen will, of 
course, render obedience to the laws made by him- 
self and his fellows with the purpose of promoting 
the welfare of his fellow men. 

A few weeks ago I was attending a dinner in one 
of the rooms of a great modern church. A man sit- 
ting by my side called my attention to the fa6l that 
throughout the winter months that room had been 
used for the playing of basket-ball by the young men 
and boys of the church in order that their physical 
welfare might be cared for in suitable surroundings. 
Everywhere in the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion buildings and in their a6livities, we find empha- 
sized the threefold nature of man. Building a man's 
body into health is closely related to developing his 
mental strength and to giving tone to his moral and 
religious fibre. Those of us who followed the news- 
papers during the winter and early spring and noted 
the a6livities of those who were guiding the Men and 
Religion Movement, could not have failed to see that 
the man's "job" promoted by the leaders of that 
remarkable movement was nothing less than the 
development of all round citizenship in the best sense 
of that word, the building up of men to promote the 
welfare of their fellow men in the community and 
in the state. This is the new a6livity in religion that 
points toward the coming citizenship. 

Morals. The morals of a people are only their cus- 
toms fixed in their minds as a6ls that are right as 

C96 3 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

distinguished from those that are wrong. A compar- 
ative study of the morals of different nations shows 
that the question of the right or wrong of a specific 
a6l has ultimately been settled for each tribe or people 
by their belief in its effe6l upon the public welfare. 
In earlier stages of society, property was generally 
common, so that theft was pra61:ically an impossi- 
bility. Polygamy was usual and right; under monog- 
amy the tribe would have perished. The methods of 
preparation and the use of food and drink, the kinds 
of clothing, of shelter, of manners, of communication, 
gradually grew up in different nations. Later they 
were fixed by the ruler, often under taboo, or as the 
commands of the gods; or else in some other way 
they were given a religious san6lion. 

As the centuries passed, the customs and the kinds 
of san61ion changed, until now the individual does not 
accept without question the di6lum of the ruler or the 
priest. He seeks his own enjoyment, his own welfare. 
Now, it is not necessarily the ruler who sets the fash- 
ion, though in monarchies he often does. Any one in 
our country is the leader who can make himself heard 
and can secure the acceptance of his views. Writers 
on our customs or habits of living or morals, includ- 
ing matters of marriage and divorce, of the treatment 
of the sick, of the modes of entertainment, as well as 
those on questions of clothes and manners, say now 
almost what they please. It may be that if they speak 
too contrary to custom, they will be looked at askance, 
but if they seem sincere, they will be listened to. Often 
their suggestions will be followed. What will be the 
outcome of the present trend toward individual think- 

C 97 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

ing on morals and of the willingness of the individ- 
ual to accept the responsibility for his thoughts and 
a6ls, is not yet seen. But this is sure: it will be in each 
nation what most people think is best for all the people. 
Never before, perhaps, even in the days of the no- 
blest civilization of Greece or Rome, have there been 
so few preconceived views of the right and wrong of 
specific a6ls as established by tradition. We cannot 
forget the pathetic scene of the death of Socrates in 
the Crito of Plato. It was in the wonderful age of 
Pericles that the great moral philosopher was forced 
to drink the hemlock because he dared to think and 
to speak his thoughts ; and we cannot forget that in 
the days of the Caesars Christians were thrown to the 
wild beasts for religion's sake. 

Rarely if ever before has there been so great tol- 
erance of individual thinking on social questions as 
now ; seldom has each person been so free to seek his 
own happiness in the way that seems to him best so 
long as such search for individual happiness seems 
likewise to promote, or even only not to hinder, the 
happiness of all. Indeed, so long as the expression of 
individuality seems to be unselfish or public-spirited, 
it is easy for it to become fashionable and readily fol- 
lowed by all. To take the extreme example, note the 
moral attitude to-day as contrasted with only a score 
of years ago toward the question of the Social Evil, 
where the public is rapidly coming to put less blame 
upon the woman, but rather to note the causes, eco- 
nomic and social, that have led her away, the empha- 
sis being placed not upon sin or guilt and penitence, 
but upon possible changes in environment or law that 

C 98 ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

shall improve conditions. We are coming more and 
more in matters of morals to permit each to think and 
a6l for himself so long as his a6l is sincere and unself- 
ish. Although we have not yet reached that goal, the 
trend of modern thought and a6lion is so strong in 
that dire6lion that eventually, perhaps , each may think 
independently without condemnation so long as he 
takes the responsibility for his a6ls ; and so long as his 
motive is good and his a6ls are not contrary to the 
interest of all, he may live his own life, whatever it 
be, without public reproach. The bearing of this atti- 
tude, whether you consider it praiseworthy tolerance 
or blameworthy laxity, upon the political thought of 
our time cannot be ignored. 

Education. As society is made up of us all, and as in 
the modern democratic state each of us is playing a 
more important part than heretofore, it is natural that 
we should lay continually increasing emphasis upon 
education. We feel that we must train our rulers. But 
the progress of democracy has brought about a note- 
worthy change in the methods of education. In the 
great University of Cairo to-day, where the customs 
and religion of the Mohammedan despot still linger, 
though rapidly vanishing in the field of government, 
we may still see hundreds of students committing to 
memory the Koran by rote, with the teacher making 
little or no attempt to inculcate the meaning of the 
teachings of this Mohammedan Bible. Under the the- 
ory of despotic government in China in the earlier 
days, the teachers, with the profoundest respe6l and 
love for learning, taught the children in like manner 
merely to memorize first the sounds and afterward 

C 99 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

the thoughts of their great rehgious teachers. The 
commentaries on these teachings were not sugges- 
tions as to the way in which they should be applied in 
new and changed conditions, but rather a scholastic 
effort to see what those words might in themselves 
mean. A reverence for the views of the ancients rather 
than care for the welfare of the moderns was the key- 
note of interpretation and of teaching. But with us to- 
day our philosophers of teaching lay emphasis first 
upon the development of individual thinking power, 
and second upon the social purpose of the individ- 
ual. In consequence, we are creating in our schools 
a people of thinkers, it may be iconoclasts, persons 
ready to overthrow the old traditions, but neverthe- 
less people of power, and, far more important still, 
people who in the long run will have an unselfish 
social aim. 

Industry. Many of our magazine writers to-day 
seem to assume that the field of industry is quite 
distin6l from the field of morals or that of religion, 
and that the relation of industry to government is 
anything but moral or religious. Consider, however, 
whether these same principles that affe6l individual 
a6lion in the fields of religion or morals or educa- 
tion, do not play a like part in the realm of business. 
Since the growth of our great industrial combinations, 
many have feared that the personal initiative of busi- 
ness men will be crushed ; that almost all men will be 
merely hired servants, working under orders; that 
machines will replace men, and that where men work 
with machines they will be so controlled by machine 
conditions that their manhood will be dwarfed. It has 

I loo ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

seemed, also, to be common opinion that the aim of 
social betterment is seldom found in the businessman, 
but that economic selfishness alone is the dominant 
force in business. It is best, however, to probe these 
beliefs somewhat deeply. In part they are true. So far 
the evil must be fought relentlessly. Largely they are 
mistaken. Doubtless in industry, as in every field of 
endeavor, the leaders of first rank are few, but that 
has always been so. That will always be so. Men of 
really first quality are extremely rare, whether the 
test be weakness or ability, wickedness or goodness. 
We are most of us mediocre. Let us acknowledge it. 
But what are the chances to rise ? How often and how 
far.f* That is the prime consideration. 

Never has there been such an opportunity for a 
man of capacity as now. Never has there been so fierce 
competition among men of genius, and the success- 
ful man in business now attains rewards far beyond 
those ever possible before. The former village pa- 
triarch has now become a national chara6ler. The 
former small city merchant is now an international 
figure. The telephone, telegraph, railroads, the ocean 
liners have in the field of business annihilated dis- 
tance so that there is no limit to the range of a per- 
son's influence; his attainment is bounded only by 
his range of conception. Does that not stimulate indi- 
viduality ? 

Twenty years ago, when we first heard of one 
hundred million dollar corporations, it was often said 
that the limitations of the human intelle6l would set 
bounds to the growth of corporations; that no one 
man could well dire6l the work of so gigantic an en- 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

terprise. But the principles of business organization 
enable a man easily to grasp as a whole the great 
branches of his business, and details are readily dele- 
gated to subordinates. Corporations with a capital of 
$100,000,000 are already almost numerous; and the 
head of a thousand million dollar business has time, 
after his work is well and efficiently done, to be presi- 
dent of an automobile association and to preside at 
fun6lions of women's clubs. The range of individual 
action and influence has enormously increased with 
the improved methods of communication which are 
breaking barriers down. 

The fa6l is often overlooked, too, that the giant 
trusts are the normal outgrowth of the competition 
of individuals. Almost without exception it is fierce- 
ness of competition that has led to combination. 
Whenever separate companies combine into one, the 
best leader takes the headship, and his position is 
higher than any that existed before. But within the 
great establishment there are many subdivisions, 
each division has its head, and the independent judg- 
ment of the head of a department counts now for 
more in many cases than did in former years the 
judgment of the president of a separate establish- 
ment. The largest organizations offer the highest 
prizes for individual initiative on the part of their em- 
ployees. Competition among superintendents of dif- 
ferent establishments within a combination is both 
fiercer and more intelligent than that among inde- 
pendent establishments. For the records are kept so 
accurately that each man knows exa6lly where he 
fails and where he succeeds, and moreover each one 

C 102 J 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

knows that upon his success depends his advance- 
ment. Individuality is not stifled by big business. It 
is often stimulated. Are the trusts, then, really un- 
democratic? Some few^ of the leaders are doubtless 
despotic in desire and even at times in intent and a6l. 
But the methods of business, the organized industry 
duly controlled as it may be, will give to the enter- 
prising young man and to the people alike, advan- 
tages not known before. Moreover, much of the most 
thoughtful care for workingmen,in spite of notable 
exceptions, is to-day shown by the largest establish- 
ments. 

At no period in the world's history before has 
there been such high efficiency in the management of 
business, and this saving of industrial energy, lead- 
ing to the creation of more wealth, means in the long 
run shorter hours, better wages, improved standards 
of living for the workingmen, progress in society as 
a whole. Whatever the present evils of the distri- 
bution of wealth may be, and they are many, though 
lessening, nothing can be more certain than that 
advance in general comfort must be and will be pre- 
ceded by greater produ6lion of wealth; and that will 
come through organization duly controlled. 

Among the workingmen the conditions, while not 
the same, are even more encouraging. The great 
labor organizations are looking, to be sure, for their 
own welfare as that of the wage-earning class, but 
the numbers of the wage-earners are so large that 
this struggle for their class is largely a struggle for 
others. The spirit is generally not that of individual 
selfishness, but of class self-interest promoted often 

C 103 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

by individual sacrifice. If Gompers and Mitchell and 
Morrison spend months in jail as the court decrees, 
no one who knows them will doubt that their sacrifice 
is an unselfish one, whether or not he approves their 
judgment regarding methods of aftion. Not yet have 
we discovered the means by which the most efficient 
skill of the individual can become the highest bless- 
ing for all; but the struggle for the improvement 
of the welfare of one's group is distin6lly in a nobler 
spirit than the struggle merely for one's own gain; 
and the trend is in the right dire6lion. The spirit of 
cooperation is dominant even though the class strug- 
gle remains. When the intelligent knowledge of all 
business conditions is widely enough extended, the 
spirit of cooperation will include all of society and we 
shall have the feeling of individual responsibility, of 
independent thinking andjudgment, of growing skill 
combined with the sentiment of social service in the 
industrial field as in the field of morals. 

Politics. How do all these conditions, industrial, 
moral, religious, affe6l politics.? What is the coming 
citizenship to be .?The state is society, all of us, organ- 
ized for the purpose of promoting the welfare of all, 
through the enforcement of rules made by all in the 
interest of all. The a6ls of government differ from 
the a6ts of other social organizations, those a6live 
in the fields of religion, of business, of education, in 
that government, if necessary, employs compulsion, 
force. The state is all of us a61:ive and compelling 
a61:ion for the interests of all. But the individual citi- 
zen in the field of government is the same man who 
is aftive in religion, in morals, in business. His nature 

I 104 ^ 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

is not changed. Whatever chara6l eristics are found 
in the other fields will be found in the realm of poli- 
tics. The coming citizen — and he is already here in 
large and rapidly growing numbers — will be a per- 
sonality bearing responsibility readily and willingly, 
thinking independently, a man unafraid of the new, 
because, self-reliant, he has thought out the new, bas- 
ing his judgment on the experiences of the old. The 
coming citizen will demand the power to choose, and 
he will readily take the responsibility for his a6ls. 
We may count on the growth of the rule of the citi- 
zens. They will not be denied. He who stands in the 
way will be overthrown. 

But the coming citizen, also, in the fullness of time 
will vote and rule not selfishly, because the spirit of 
the times is becoming more and more unselfish in all 
ranks of society. He will vote and rule in the inter- 
ests of all. We may grant that many men are selfish, 
men in high office still abuse their powers. But this 
abuse is seen far less often than thirty years ago. The 
time has already long passed, in any English-speak- 
ing country at least, when corrupt or self-seeking 
a6ls of public officials can be done openly. No one 
recognizes any right to rule, except that granted by 
the people in their own interest. And they can give to 
any man or refuse to any man that privilege at their 
will. 

But clearly the average citizen will not be able to 
do everything himself. In many fields of endeavor he 
must choose an expert to do much of his work for 
him ; and he will hold him responsible for results. No 
sensible man to-day, untrained in the professions, 

c 105 :i 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

wishes to be his own lawyer, to a6l as his own phy- 
sician, to build his own bridges, to plan his own build- 
ings. It is the untrained, unthinking man who uses 
patent panaceas to cure his physical ills, or who en- 
ters upon important business contra6ls without con- 
sulting a lawyer. But the framing of laws that are to 
shape the welfare of society, the putting of them into 
effe6l, their interpretation, is work demanding a still 
higher degree of skill, inasmuch as they depend to a 
still greater extent upon the infinite variety of human 
motive and the variability of human feeling. 

How far can the citizens be trusted to a6l for them- 
selves .f* How far should they rely upon experts or 
representatives to guide their a6lions ^ Can this ques- 
tion be answered in a word for all states and circum- 
stances } Must this not depend entirely upon the lo- 
cality and the conditions existing therein, on the one 
hand, and on the other upon the nature of the ques- 
tion at issue .^ Self-government is often not so largely 
a matter of knowledge as a matter of chara6ler. The 
wise man fit for the modern citizenship, whose inter- 
ests are bound up with the welfare of society, which 
in itself is composed of innumerable citizens, with 
various and shifting views and confli6ling interests, 
must be a man of patience, with self-restraint, with 
wisdom, — a man ready to com promise with the views 
of others, so long as those views are honest; one who 
believes that others have rights equal to his own, and 
who is willing to tolerate opinions divergent from his. 
Many nations and many peoples have not yet attained 
this spirit needed for the right self-government. We 
must aim to get our people trained in all these vir- 

C 1°6 ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

tues; they are even more essential than knowledge. 
Nowhere else in the world, however, have people 
had so long or so successful experience in self-gov- 
ernment as in the United States and Great Britain 
and her English-speaking colonies. Our people in 
most parts of our country have attained these quali- 
ties to so great an extent that they can be trusted to 
settle many questions for themselves. 

But what type of question may or can the people 
settle without the aid of experts ? Many subje6ls from 
their nature are so complicated that the average busi- 
ness man, whose time must be chiefly given to his 
own personal affairs, cannot hope to settle them. He 
ought not even to venture an independent judgment 
upon them any more than upon a question of tech- 
nical law or of surgery. Questions of monetary pol- 
icy, of methods of taxation, of the regulation of cor- 
porations, are far more complicated than ordinary 
questions of business or of science. Such matters 
should be referred to experts, who should recom- 
mend and ultimately in effe61, through the people's 
representatives, make, interpret, and administer the 
laws. The people will judge the results and approve 
or condemn the lawmaker or administrator. And yet 
ele6lions are often settled and legislative decrees 
are issued by men not competent fully to under- 
stand the bearing of their a6ls. The people must take 
the consequences until they learn to choose aright. 
And though the consequences may be harmful for a 
time, they will not be ruinous or irreparable. The citi- 
zens in due time will learn. They know now whom 
they do trust. They will gradually learn who is worthy 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

of trust. If they are willing, it is better for them to 
choose an agent who knows, than to try to settle such 
technical questions themselves. 

But, on the far more importantquestions, the really 
fundamental questions of rights and duties, the people 
not merely ought themselves to decide; they alone 
can decide, for their wishes in themselves when de- 
liberate make their decisions right. The course of his- 
tory, too, shows that as civilization has developed, 
the voice of the people on such matters has proved 
to be right. Shall a country be slave or free? Shall a 
man's domicile be held free from invasion ^ In what 
way shall a people sele6l its rulers.^ What degree 
of power shall be placed in the ruler's hands .^ All 
these fundamental questions of governmental rights 
and governmental duties can be most wisely settled 
by the people themselves. Such questions are simple, 
direct, require no technical knowledge, no technical 
training. They require only honesty of purpose, tol- 
eration for the rights of one's neighbors, readiness 
when opinions conflift to compromise on what will 
most nearly meet the wishes of all, willingness to 
accept the judgment of the majority. On such ques- 
tions the people's rule should be dire6l. 

This test is a fair one to apply to the great ques- 
tions of the day. If our constitutions have been 
properly drawn, they have to do only with matters 
fundamental to government. The right of trial by 
jury, of habeas corpus, of property, of free assem- 
blage, of ele6lion of senators by the people, of a sin- 
gle term for president, of the appointment of judges, 
fundamental as they are, touch only simple questions 

[ 108 ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

suitable for citizens to vote upon dire6lly. Our forms 
of government are and should be what the people 
wish. The way in which the people shall change 
these forms of government to meet the changing 
conditions of the times is not a complex matter. These 
are all simple questions, though of the profoundest 
significance. The question whether life and liberty 
and the pursuit of happiness shall be guarded against 
despotic usurpation is simple. The common man can 
understand and answer it, though it is the most pro- 
found question of government. Regarding such ques- 
tions, whatever the people wish, when they really see 
the issue, is right. 

In all the fields of human action, as we have seen, 
the individual has been growing more independent 
in his judgment, has become continually more ready 
to bear responsibility, and fortunately also, in spite 
of special exceptions, is becoming more willing to 
recognize the rights of others and to care for the 
welfare of all. Whether we wish it or not, as now he 
chooses his religion, the coming citizen will deter- 
mine for himself what laws he will pass upon dire6lly, 
what ones he will leave to legislatures to formulate 
and to the courts to interpret. 

All of our constitutions at the present day provide 
methods for their own amendment. Such amendments 
are proposed by legislators, by constitutional conven- 
tions, by petition. Whatever the people themselves 
consider fundamental they put in the constitutions at 
their will. If they are not discriminating and place 
in the constitutions matters of temporary, changing 
interest, such as savings bank laws or forestry laws, 

C 109 J 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

the progress of society is likely to be blocked by the 
difficulty of amendment. That they will learn by ex- 
perience. If, on the other hand, they place in the con- 
stitutions only matters really fundamental that have 
to do only with the form of government or with the 
rights of citizens, much more can wisely be left to the 
legislatures and the courts. 

As, however, the people grow in intelligent know- 
ledge of social conditions, they may wisely take more 
into their own hands and leave less to the experts 
whom they choose. As the people themselves make 
their constitutions, it is for them to say how and when 
they shall be amended. If a legislature chosen by the 
people, a6ling in accord with the will of the people, 
passes a law that the courts declare unconstitutional, 
the people ultimately will surely decide whether or 
not they wish the constitution amended so as to carry 
out their will. The declaration of a court that an a6l is 
unconstitutional is not hostile to the people's rights. 
It merely refers the matter back to the people to de- 
cide whether on second thought they wish to insist 
upon their will as expressed in the law, or whether 
they will abide by their earlier judgment as expressed 
in the constitution. If they wish to move with the 
changing timesand insist upon their law, thus amend- 
ing the constitution, surely they are a6ling in the 
spirit of to-day, and that would be a recall of a judi- 
cial decision. 

As in the fields of religion and morals and busi- 
ness, so also in the field of politics we must expe6l 
more innovations as the people become better trained 
and more self-reliant. We must expe6l the progress 

C "o ] 



THE COMING CITIZENSHIP 

of the future to be more rapid than that of the past. 
We must urge changes in legal methods and in legal 
regulations to come morequickly with the more rapid 
changes in business methods and with the growing 
spirit of independence and tolerance in the fields of 
morals and religion. 

What, then, is our duty as citizens.'* What, then, 
is your duty, young men and women just entering 
upon the field of the citizen's a6live life.-^ The trend 
of the times demands a greater degree of individ- 
uality, of independence, but more and always more 
it demands an unselfish social aim. You, as the com- 
ing citizens, should so train yourselves that you will 
know better when to rely upon the judgment of ex- 
perts, when to rely upon your own individual judg- 
ment. If you see clearly the public welfare, if you are 
unselfish in your desires, you can do your duty. The 
better you are educated and the more wisely you can 
think, the more self-reliant you should be, and the 
more careful in your sele61ion of experts. Above all, 
on account of the high responsibility that goes with 
the privilege of the education that has come to you 
through the provisions made by this great State in 
this loved University, our Alma Mater, you should 
be unselfish and patriotic in your determination to 
serve, and, if need be, to sacrifice your personal 
interests and yourself for the public good. Sacrifice 
is the highest test of good citizenship. 



1 1 1 



SPEECHES 
AT THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 



SPEECHES 
AT THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

[IN THE WATERMAN GYMNASIUM, THURSDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE 27] 

PRESIDENT HUTCHINS 

FELLOW Alumni of the University of Michigan : 
It is a great pleasure to me to be here to-day 
and to extend to you words of welcome and congrat- 
ulation. I have always been proud of the fa^t that I 
was graduated from the University of Michigan, but 
I never was prouder of it than I am at this moment. 

This is distin6lly an alumni celebration. You have 
come back to the halls of our Alma Mater in large 
numbers, and we are certainly grateful to you for the 
interest that your coming indicates. I am sure that 
I can safely predi6l that the enthusiasm of this occa- 
sion will have its influence in the future and will 
result in a continually increasing alumni attendance 
upon our Commencement festivities. 

There is much that I might say to you this after- 
noon. I might speak of what we are doing, of what we 
have been doing, and of what we hope to do. I might 
tell you of the movement that has resulted in the 
organization of local alumni associations all over the 
State of Michigan, of what we expe6l to accomplish 
through these centres of university influence. I might 
speak of the larger alumni movement that embraces 
the whole country. Some of you, perhaps, have no- 
ticed the maps that have hung in University Hall dur- 
ing the last few days that show the distribution of our 
thirty thousand alumni throughout the United States 
and foreign countries. If these have challenged your 

C 115 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

attention, you must have concluded that the show- 
ing is a most significant one. I might dwell upon 
this and upon the fa6t that wherever the graduates 
of the University of Michigan are found, they are 
doing things worth while. But it is no part of the 
programme that I should occupy your time with 
an address. I am here simply to call upon others to 
speak. Anything that I may say must be by way of 
brief introdu6tion. All of you know that the Univer- 
sity is very largely indebted to the State whose name 
it bears. What we receive annually from the State 
represents the income from a very large endowment. 
And I am glad to be able to say that the people are, 
in my judgment, behind the University. I am very 
sure that the general sentiment in the State is in favor 
of the University. There are indications on every side 
of a generous spirit toward the institution, and I be- 
lieve that that spirit is to continue and that the people 
of this Commonwealth will see to it that the funds 
necessary to keep the University in the first rank are 
forthcoming. 

I regret very much that His Excellency, the Gov- 
ernor, cannot be with us to-day. As many of you 
know, he is suflbring from an accident that confines 
him to his home. He desires to deliver to you a mes- 
sage of greeting and to express his regrets that he 
cannot take part in these festivities. You know how 
loyal a friend he has been to the University. He has 
sent his representative, and I take pleasure in present- 
ing the Honorable Luther L.Wright, State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instru61-ion, who is here to-day to 
speak for the State of Michigan. 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNEI^ 

SUPERINTENDENT LUTHER L. WRIGHT, A.M. 

His Excellency, the Governor of Michigan, has di- 
re6lcd me to convey to you his regards and compli- 
ments and to read to you these personal words: 

The age of a university means nothing if taken only as a 
measurement of time. As indicating the early thought given 
to matters of higher education in a new country, and as an 
index to the character of Michigan pioneers, it is funda- 
mentally important. The event of which this is a commem- 
oration is the founding of the University at Ann Arbor. The 
germ of the University was implanted in 1807, and had its 
first tangible development in 1 8 1 7 . So to-day we will remem- 
ber with grateful appreciation the names of the Reverend 
Gabriel Richard and the Reverend John Monteith. We will 
put John D. Pierce in their company, and credit these three 
men enlisted in the higher service of mankind with laying 
the cornerstone of this prideful institution. 

I am not to go into details in this brief message of congrat- 
ulation and recognition which Mr. Wright has been gra- 
cious enough to convey to you in my behalf. As represent- 
ing all of the people of Michigan, I would testify to their 
love for the University and appreciation of it, and I would 
gather and sound their applause for all who have served 
the University unselfishly — and their names are multitude. 
No man, whether regent, president, dean, professor, or in- 
structor, has ever successfully attached himself to the Uni- 
versity in selfishness. Those who have builded this insti- 
tution so splendidly and have made it a monument to the 
finer and higher things of life, have done so for the very love 
of that learning and justice which fit men to best appreciate 
and serve their fellows. 

Throughout America, and especially in the western states, 
University of Michigan men have led the way in the founda- 
tion of higher conceptions of citizenship, practical responsi- 

C "17 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

bility, and devotion to society. Those alumni who have paid 
their indebtedness to the State for the education it gave them, 
have done so in the best manner through citizen service — 
and almost all have paid back something. The gathering 
forces of the years of endeavor, set in motion by clear direc- 
tion here, are doing their part in the betterment of the \vorld 
and in making conditions that permit a more real happiness 
of mankind. 

As the University grows greater and stronger, it is more 
and more consecrated to morals and brotherhood as compan- 
ions of higher truth. The broadening of the university spirit 
permits the display here of both truth and error. There is no 
better way to cure error than to expose it to view and discus- 
sion. There is no better way to impress and magnify truth 
than to give it living competition with error. 

Another thing has been achieved as the years are building 
their pyramid, and that is a finer democracy of education 
as contrasted with the old spirit of intellectual aristocracy 
and exclusiveness. After all, the great educator and moral- 
ist spoke in words of wisdom when he said that the most 
complete education is one that addresses the mind to higher 
purposes and fits the heart for mighty love. 

I do not wish to close this message without acknowledging 
the service, and spirit in which it is rendered, of the Board 
of Regents, your President, the President Emeritus, and all 
the Faculties. The University will progress as they will it; 
and it will have, and I may safely pledge it, the support of 
Michigan in its effort to lead the way, as it has always led 
the way, in the work of finished democratic education. 

Chase S. Osborn, 

Governor of Michigan. 

There is in this State among all the people an un- 
usual feeling of pride, affe6lion, veneration, and loy- 
alty for this University. This is in a measure personal, 

C 118 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

an expression of the veneration and affe6lion of our 
people for a man. He who would attack either is one 
who would lay profane hands on the ark of the cove- 
nant. The University is the crown of the state system 
of education, — the University, the High School, the 
Primary School. Each is a public servant devoted to 
service that is most precious, a family among whose 
members exist perfe6l accord and fostering care of 
the elder brother. 

Including all the money that has passed from the 
treasury of the State — including interest on the sale 
of lands — in the seventy-five years the State has paid 
over to the University nearly $12,000,000, about 
one-half of this being in interest and the rest in di- 
re6l appropriation. This year now closing the State 
has paid into the treasury of the University of Michi- 
gan nearly one-tenth of that amount, $1 ,157,000. But 
the State has paid for the support of common schools 
in primary school money nearly |68, 000,000. During 
the past year there has been paid from state funds 
and land and taxes for the support of the common 
schools of Michigan nearly $16,000,000. The value 
of the University plant is $4,000 ,000, the value of the 
common school plants in Michigan is $36,000,000. 
In 1 843, as has been indicated by the President, when 
the only income was interest on the sums received 
from the sale of lands, the receipts amounted to 
$742 5. The largest sum paid from that money previ- 
ous to 1 869 was $56,250, which was received in 1 862. 

Large sums are paid by the State for other educa- 
tional institutions which in many states are depart- 
ments of the University. 

L 119 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

The fun6lion of any public institution is to serve 
the people by whom and for whom it was created and 
by whom its expenses are paid. It is important that 
any such institution should keep this constantly in 
mind, and it is important that the people shall feel 
that this is the purpose of the institution. With the 
University the field is limitless, its possibilities for 
service are without bounds. 

The function of the primary schools of the State, 
as I see it, is to serve the community, — to prepare 
its pupils for college; to train its pupils to make a 
living; to give them culture enough to enjoy that liv- 
ing; and to train for citizenship. 

Of the 800,000 children of school age in the State 
of Michigan nearly one-half who attend school go to 
the one-room country school. That is an educational 
problem deserving the study and consideration of the 
faculties of this and other universities. The fun61:ion 
of the country school should be to prepare for coun- 
try life. Now it seems to teach only the things which 
boys and girls like and need when they go to the city 
to live. The country schools do not have equal facili- 
ties with the city. The difficulty is that numbers and 
facilities are limited. The remedy is to provide town- 
ship high or union schools with sufficient equipment 
to satisfy and attra6t our boys and girls. 

As far as one man may represent the educational 
facilities of this State, I bring to this University the 
greetings, felicitations, and acknowledgments of the 
educational a6livities of the State and ask from the 
University considerate cooperation and reciprocity. 
In the name of the people of the State, in the name 

[ 120 ] 



THE COMMKNCKMKNT DINNKU 

of the Governor, aiul with the voice of the people, 1 
say. Salve Unn>ers/l(is Michii^ancnsiuni. 

PRESIDKNl' HUrC'lIINS 

Foirrv-ONK years ago to-day, in yonder Methodist 
Church, the coniniencenient exercises of the Univer- 
sity of Michigan were celel)rated. On tliat occasion 
Dr. James B. Angell was inaugurated President, and 
the class ol'iSvi, of whicii I was a hunihle mem- 
ber, was turned loose u|)on the world. Dr. Angell's 
first oificial ac^t was to deliver to us our (lij)lomas. It 
was my great pleasure this morning to deliver to Dr. 
Angell the dij)loina that made him the youngest 
alumnus of the University. Kach year since 1871, 
Dr. Angell has been growing younger, so that to- 
day I am able to introduce him as the youngest alum- 
nus of us all. I present to you Dr. Angell. 

PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES BURRILL ANOKLL, LL.D. 

We have all heard a great deal of the fountain of 
youth. I never suspe6fed that the objec'l which the 
Regents of the University had was to open that foun- 
tain of youth to me. I have had many surprises at 
the hands of the Board of Regents during my pre- 
sidency, but I was not prepared for this; I desire to 
return my hearty thanks to them for enabling me 
to take my position on something like e(jual terms 
with the rest of you. I have had to maintain a quasi- 
official relation to you in years past which involved 
many perplexing situations. Now, it seems, I can sa- 
lute the gentlemen here as my brothers, and I do not 
know but I may venture to salute the ladies as my 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

sisters ; we all know that nothing is more flattering to 
a young man than to have a young woman tell him 
that she regards him as her brother. 

There are some other perplexing and curious rela- 
tions coming out of this thing, for I am made brother 
of my two sons. I have also been accustomed in de- 
livering baccalaureate addresses to give many exhor- 
tations to you in the last forty years as to the duties 
of graduates of the University to the State. I suppose 
you should say to me now, " Pra6lice what you have 
been preaching." I may say that you all appreciate 
that I began my duties as president very well by giv- 
ing the degrees to the class of 1871, among whom 
was the present President of the University. I have 
always been very proud of the fa6l that my first a6l 
was one so promising and useful to the University, 
and I wish to say a few words merely as to the fa6l 
that the result has been one of such marked benefit 
to the University by the accession of one of the mem- 
bers of that class to the presidency of this institution. 
I am here where I necessarily see a great deal of 
what is going on in the interior life of this University, 
and I wish to say to you what many of you know, that 
I was filled with great delight and satisfa6lion when 
the Regents chose my friend on the left as President 
of the University at the time of my resignation, and 
I have seen cause every day since to look upon that 
a6l with increasing satisfaction. I am glad to bear tes- 
timony to what you must see many proofs of around 
you, the great prosperity which has come upon the 
University during his incumbency of his office. But 
you cannot know like those who are here upon the 

C 122 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

ground all that we see and know for ourselves, the 
signs of internal prosperity and harmony and enthu- 
siasm which exist throughout the whole life of the 
University. And I would also like to endorse what he 
has said about that great enterprise which has really 
been due to him in such large measure, the organ- 
ization of the alumni associations through the State 
and the rest of the United States. No one except one 
who is here upon the ground can appreciate what an 
amount of labor it has called for at his hands ; and 
also the other multifarious duties which have come 
upon him, and which must come upon every president 
now from the largely expanding and more compli- 
cated life and organization of this great institution. 
It takes the whole force of a strong and wise man, 
you may well believe, to bear this burden and keep 
his health and strength and good spirits, and, I may 
add, his good temper. I wish to congratulate the Uni- 
versity and congratulateyou that as you come up here 
from year to year you will find it in such competent 
hands, and one cannot but dream often, if he is in my 
place, of what is to come here in the years that are 
before him. 

Old men dream dreams as well as young men. I 
am not going to describe our dreams, but simply say 
that we are allowed to have them, and are perplexed 
even to conjefture what is to be the outcome of the 
rapid growth of this institution in the next twenty-five 
years. Some of you will live to come up here and cele- 
brate the one hundredth anniversary. I could wish 
to be spared until then, but I don't suppose that any 
number of degrees will give me that privilege. One 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

cannot help looking forward with the greatest ex- 
pe6lation and greatest delight in imagining what this 
institution is to be and what it is to do for the State 
of Michigan and the country in twenty-five years of 
such rapidly increasing prosperity and usefulness as 
are coming upon it in these days of ours. 

I am delighted to be able to look you in the face 
once more. One is always tempted at my age to be- 
come garrulous, so I have to put brakes on myself 
when I refle6l that in this great Faculty of four hun- 
dred persons and more, there are on the grounds 
but two men who were here when I came, that is, 
Mr. Beman, now Professor of Mathematics, then In- 
stru6lor, and Professor D'Ooge. I am sorry to say 
that Dr. D'Ooge is going to leave us as the sun sets 
to-night, so that I can only figure hereafter as a sort 
of prehistoric President, contributing but little effec- 
tive work, yet giving myself always to your service 
and to your affe6lion. 

PRESIDENT HUTCIIINS 

When I entered the University of Michigan in the 
fall of 1 867, 1 found here a vigorous young assistant 
professor who was just entering upon what has proved 
to be a long and most effe6live academic career. As 
Dr. Angell has said. Professor D'Ooge, honored and 
beloved by all, closes his official conne6fion with the 
University of Michigan to-day. It has seemed to me 
to be eminently fitting that on this occasion I should 
ask him to say a word to the alumni, delegates, and 
friends that are here gathered. 

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THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

PROFESSOR MARTIN LUTHER D'OOGE, LL.D. 

Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Regents, 
Fellow Alumni, Ladies and Gentlemen: A small com- 
pany of us celebrated last evening at my house in a 
reunion the fiftieth anniversary of the class of 1862. 
It is significant that the record of a class that is hold- 
ing its reunion should cover two-thirds of the entire 
period of the history of this University. Fifty years 
ago forty-nine of us were sent forth from the liter- 
ary department of our Alma Mater, then a blushing 
matron of twenty-five years, into the arena of life. 
Fourteen of the forty-nine remain, and seven came 
together last evening. Men die, but institutions live. 
We are witnesses to-day of the astonishing growth 
and development of our Alma Mater, who is still, 
when we compare her with the older universities of 
Europe, in the heyday of her youth. 

Many and great contrasts present themselves 
before us as we think of the fifty years that have 
passed since we bade adieu to these halls. Time does 
not permit me to point out these contrasts, nor is it 
necessary after the eloquent commemorative oration 
which we heard yesterday. This is a day of memo- 
ries, sacred and happy. First of all we recall the great 
President, the founder of our University, Henry P. 
Tappan. His majestic presence, his commanding elo- 
quence, his lofty chara6ter still rise visible before 
us, and we still can hear his voice addressing us: 
"Young Gentlemen," his favorite term. As one of 
my classmates said to me the other day, "When 
President Tappan said 'Young Gentlemen ' every fel- 

C 125 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

low grew an inch." Those of you who will be here 
next commencement will see placed upon the walls 
of our Alumni Memorial Hall, in honor of his mem- 
ory, a relief in bronze opposite the relief in bronze 
of the second great President of this University, 
whose benign presence here to-day adds so much 
interest and joy to this high festival. We recall that 
noble band of teachers, our professors. There was 
first of all our professor of mathematics and physics, 
good old Dr. Williams, wise, witty, and to our faults 
so wonderfully kind. Then there was our professor 
of Greek, Boise, accurate, exa6l, of whom it was 
said that he would die for an enclitic, a masterful 
teacher. Then there was Professor Frieze, the lover 
of the Muses, a man of the finest and most dehcately 
strong nature, aesthetic, who made us all wish to be 
the gentleman that he was. Then there was our pro- 
fessor of French, Fasquelle. He never could get the 
English emphasis, as he called it; teacher courteous 
and kind, of the old school. There was Professor 
Winchell, who talked eloquently of star dust and 
cosmogony and never could find out the culprit who 
was playing pranks in the class. Time is too limited 
to mention all of the others. There is one, however, 
and he not the least of all, our professor of history, 
Andrew D. White, whom we gladly salute here to- 
day. How much he did for us in our raw youth we 
cannot tell him; how he inspired us by his enthu- 
siasm for scholarship, how he humanized us by the 
touch of his personality. What lessons he drew for 
us from the history of the French Revolution and 
Guizot's History of Civilization, lessons which he is 

I 126 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

still, during all these years, teaching to this Common- 
wealth and to all the commonwealths of our great 
American Republic. We load him with our benedic- 
tions and utter the old prayer, Serus in ccelum redeas. 

When we were taking our diplomas from the 
hands of President Tappan it was not amid the peace- 
ful scenes of this June day, unbroken save for the 
tumults of the conventions in Chicago and Baltimore. 
The roar of the guns on southern battlefields was 
penetrating through many a northern home and 
smiting the heart of our Alma Mater with sorrow in 
the death of her noblest sons. The very day that we 
received our diplomas from the hands of President 
Tappan a train passed through Ann Arbor carrying 
the mortal remains of Albert Nye, the most brilliant 
member of our class, to his former home. Carpenter, 
Hurd, Jewett, Nelson, Nye, and others like them 
who gave their young lives to their country, need no 
eulogy at our hands. A united, prosperous, and happy 
nation speaks their praise. Of them it may be said as 
Simonides, the Greek lyric poet, said of those who 
fell at Thermopylae," Glorious is their fortune, noble 
is their lot; their graves are altars; praise instead of 
pity, grateful recolle6lion instead of tears are theirs ; 
neither rust nor all-subduing time shall cause to per- 
ish the memory of their valor." 

But I must not dwell longer upon those happy and 
sacred memories. This is also a day of vision as well 
as a day of memory. Fear has been expressed that 
possibly if this University should increase in the next 
few decades as it has in the past in the number of its 
students, it would be impossible to care for them on 

I 127 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

this campus, and that centres might have to be cre- 
ated in various parts of our State to provide facili- 
ties for the instru6lion of the multitudes who would 
flock to the University. How that may be I cannot 
say, and I for one frankly confess that I personally 
do not cherish this ambition that we may become so 
big. For, ladies and gentlemen and fellow alumni, 
what a university achieves for mankind is not meas- 
ured by size and numbers. The Academy at Athens 
had but one teacher and one student, but that teacher 
was Plato and that student was Aristotle, and Plato 
and Aristotle have done more for the progress of 
mankind than the University of Cairo with its thou- 
sands of students and with its hundreds of teachers. 
I venture to express the hope that the ambition and 
rivalry for numbers that is so dominant a force in the 
administration of some of our universities may not 
blind our Alma Mater to the supreme value of high 
ideals and noble impulses; ideals and impulses that 
shall shape and control the educational system of this 
State and of the Nation. My ambition for my Alma 
Mater is that she may maintain her leadership 
among our great state universities in the progress 
of sound educational reform , in the adaptation of edu- 
cation to the service and the best service of the State. 
The servant of the State .^ Yes, but not the creature of 
public opinion but the creator of public opinion, the 
educator of the public mind in matters of education. 
Progressive ? Yes, but not losing sight of the precious 
heritage of the past. Learning from the successes and 
failures of rival universities, but not treading slav- 
ishly in their footsteps. Self-contained, but not out of 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

sympathy with the spirit of the times. The Univer- 
sity, the leader, the moulder,the dire6tor,the inspirer 
of all noble effort for the service of the State and of 
the Nation. To this high mission may our Alma Mater 
ever remain faithful! 

The President has referred to the fa6l that, yield- 
ing to the relentless hand of time, I am about to lay 
down the a6live duties of my professorship. I wish 
to give a word of greeting and of Godspeed to all 
my old students, whether present or absent. In many 
ways I have learned more from them than they from 
me, and I am their debtor and they are my credit- 
ors. Fellow students, former students, loving friends, 
God bless you ! If I have any parting word to say to 
my Alma Mater as I leave her ranks, let it be this: 
may she ever cherish the great purpose to send out 
men and women of high ideals, who shall exalt learn- 
ing above lucre and service above self. May her Fac- 
ulties possess that catholicity of mind that shall recog- 
nize the just claims of all branches of learning, the 
interdependence of all forms of science, and the unity 
of all truth. May she do her full share in cherishing 
the spirit of research and in pushing out the limits of 
the known into the realm of the unknown, and raise 
up a band of explorers and discoverers who shall illu- 
mine the pathway of mankind in its march forward 
and upward. In the hands of the efficient President of 
this University our Alma Mater is safe. Crescat.Jio- 
reat, esto perpetua. 

PRESIDENT HUTCHINS 

During this Commencement the class of 1872 has 

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THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

been celebrating the fortieth anniversary of its grad- 
uation. I take the hberty of calling upon President 
Robert S. Woodward, of the Carnegie Institution of 
Washington, to speak for the class of 1 872. 



PRESIDENT ROBERT SIMPSON WOODWARD, LL.D. 

Mr. President, Fellow Alumni, Friends of the Uni- 
versity : In bringing to the University of Michigan the 
congratulations and greetings of our class, I should 
like to pay my respects first to the numerous presi- 
dents of the University with whom it has been the 
good fortune of our class to be acquainted. We 
have known them all except Dr.Tappan. First, there 
was the gentle Haven, and after him the gentler 
Frieze, that man with an exquisitely sensitive soul; 
then there came the imperturbably serene Angell, 
who has w^on all our hearts ; and lastly comes Presi- 
dent Hutchins, who was a member of our contempo- 
rary class of 1 871 . Since September, forty- four years 
ago, I have had profound respe6l for him ; for during 
that month it became necessary for the classes of 1 8 7 1 
and 1 872 to go into executive session for a short time 
over hereon thecampus south of University Hall, and 
it was my good fortune to measure strength with 
the now President of the University. The subsequent 
events entailed the services of a tailor. Further ex- 
planations along this line are not necessary. I only 
wish to emphasize the fa6l that since then I have had 
a profound respe6l for him, and I fully agree with all 
that has been said by my predecessors to-day con- 
cerning his abilities. 

C 130 '2 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

Concerning another president, or a6ling president, 
I may be permitted, as a person who never studied 
Latin in the University, to say a few words. The class 
of 1872 was a remarkable class. We entered upon 
many investigations not set down in what Professor 
Olney called the "Synchronistic View," and we did 
many things which would not be considered entirely 
decorous in these calmer days. It happened in the 
sophomore year that some of those works we under- 
took resulted in the need of reparation to the Uni- 
versity, and that brought me as class president into 
intimate relations with that wonderfully delightful 
man, Dr. Frieze. I think it may be said without ex- 
aggeration that this led to a friendship and intimacy 
which enabled me to get far more from him than my 
fellow students who took Latin under him. 

The class of 1872, as has been explained here to- 
day, is remarkable among other things for having as 
members the first two women who have been gradu- 
ated from the University. And I am pleased to inform 
those who are not already aware of the fa 61, that 
these two women have celebrated with us on this for- 
tieth anniversary. Of the eighty-six who were gradu- 
ated with us forty years ago we mustered about forty 
yesterday, although more than one-third of the entire 
number have passed over to the majority. 

I may not mention to you the remarkable deeds of 
the men and women of 1 872 ; I should prefer, rather, 
being one of the older graduates, to indulge in what 
is permitted to them, namely, some degree of remi- 
niscence. I should like to speak especially, though 
briefly, of some of the remarkable men who have 

C 131 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

helped to make this University. As some of you are 
aware, since leaving this institution, or being cast by 
it on the waters like the proverbial bread, it has been 
my fortune to be associated with several academic in- 
stitutions and to have hadopportunities to measure the 
capacities of men great in other universities. I should 
like to say that comparing these men of other univer- 
sities with my teachers, and with the teachers of oth- 
ers who have been graduated from this University, 
we have a right to conclude that this University has 
been great and has prospered because there have al- 
ways been good and strong men conne6led with it. 

As most of you know, I was primarily conne6led 
as a student of engineering with what was then called 
the LiteraryDepartment,and I was thus thrown into in- 
timate association with a number of its men. Professor 
Olney was one of the first of these, — Olney of sacred 
memory, every se6lion of whose head was, as mathe- 
maticians would say, a conic se6lion. He couldn't help 
being a mathematician. Then there was the Nestor 
of teachers of engineering in America, De Volson 
Wood, a man who got more work out of his students 
than all the rest of the teachers in the University 
at that time. It was a great good fortune for me that 
I came into association with a man who was such a 
strong, energetic worker. It has been said of him that 
as a le61:urer he rarely got anything right himself, but 
he saw to it that his students got their work right. 

A noteworthy experience of the class of 1872 is 
that we were the last to receive instru6lion in phys- 
ics from Dr. Williams, one of the sweetest souls the 
world ever produced. Few of his pupils ever learned 

C 132 ^ 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

much physics from him, for he would never miss an 
opportunity to crack a joke at their expense; and yet 
he was a man from whom one quahfied to learn could 
learn much, especially by visits to his home. I look back 
with affe6lion upon that man. Another man from 
whom I learned a great deal was Professor Winchell. 
He was a very remarkable, perhaps most of you 
would say a remarkably peculiar, man. I learned more 
of Greek and Latin derivatives from him than I did 
from the formal study of those languages. With Pro- 
fessor Winchell things were never opposed, but they 
were antithetical ; and the waters of the earth about 
which he talked so much never soaked through the 
soil, but they percolated down through the interstices 
of the superincumbent strata. Those of you who are 
old enough will remember also that "there were no 
worms in the Potsdam Period" in his geology. He 
was austere and seemed lacking in a sense of humor; 
nevertheless, to those who penetrated into the inner 
circles of the man, he was not only remarkable for his 
scholarship but also for the noble quality of his ideas 
and his impressive sincerity. Another man with whom 
I came in conta6l by a happy accident was Dr. Cocker. 
Perhaps I should explain that in those good old days 
a student was permitted to browse about somewhat 
more than a student is now. As I understand, it would 
not now be permitted to a student primarily in engi- 
neering to stray into a le6lure room and hear a lec- 
ture from some one in another field of learning. I used 
to like to go in and hear Dr. Cocker talk about moral 
philosophy, nominally, but really about many other 
subje6ls as well, and he turned out to be one of the 

[ 133 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

best teachers of physics I ever had. It was by him that 
I was introduced for the first time to that master work 
on natural philosophy by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) 
and Tait, well known as The Principia of the Nine- 
teenth Century to students of mathematico-physical 
science. Strange as it may seem, I was induced to 
study this great work by Dr. Cocker. 

I used to stray rather frequently, also, into the law 
le6lure room. There were a number of notable men 
there. It was a source of inspiration to walk in the 
shadow of Professor Campbell. He seemed to be the 
noblest Roman of them all, a sort of glorified Marcus 
Aurelius.In this group there was the critical Walker, 
who when we were freshmen explained to us that, 
smart as we might think ourselves when we came up 
to the University, we should probably find here other 
fellows who were a good deal smarter. That was a 
most excellentcaution,and turned out to be true in my 
own case. Then there was the philosophic Kent. I have 
since had the pleasure of meeting him professionally 
and socially. He always in the old days seemed to 
typify the Sphinx. I imagine that if he had presented 
himself before the Sphinx, this solemn figure would 
have winked at him and said, *'You're another," as 
the Sphinx is said to have done in the case of Emer- 
son. Judge Cooley, also, was a most remarkable man, 
whom I came to know better when he went to Wash- 
ington as head of the Interstate Commerce Commis- 
sion. He seemed to me the most capable executive 
I had ever met. He could accomplish results by the 
mere turn of his hand. Over in the Medical Depart- 
ment there were also remarkable men. Some of you 

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THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

will understand me when I say that after having had 
some experience in the business of exposition, and 
after having heard many of the leading expositors of 
America as well as of Europe, Ford was easily the 
best expositor I have met. Then there was Palmer, 
very effe61:ive in the combative controversy of his 
day, along with many others whom it was a source 
of delight to hear. 

There is one other man whom I should like to 
mention. I have reserved him to the last because he 
is more nearly in my own line. I refer to the facile 
Watson. Through Watson has descended in Amer- 
ica from the greater Briinnow the present generation 
of men who represent one of the two distin6lively 
American schools of astronomers. Perhaps most of 
you are not aware that in the science of astronomy, 
including all its branches, Americans have been the 
leaders for more than fifty years. Two schools have 
been founded in America, the first by Professor Ben- 
jamin Peirce of Harvard University and the second 
by Professor Briinnow of this University. It was 
Briinnow who introduced in America before i860 
the methods of the illustrious Gauss and the incom- 
parable Bessel, the German astronomers who laid 
the foundations of modern spherical and observa- 
tional astronomy. From Briinnow are descended 
dire6lly some of the most distinguished American 
astronomers. Among his first students were Asaph 
Hall, the discoverer of the moons of Mars; C. A. 
Young, long professor of astronomy at Dartmouth 
and Princeton ; the veteran meteorologist, Cleveland 
Abbe; and De Volson Wood, already referred to. Of 

[ ^s5 ;] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

the men of the present generation who can trace their 
astronomical lineage dire6lly or indirectly to Wat- 
son are several dire6tors of observatories, namely, 
Snyder of the Philadelphia Observatory, Doolittle of 
the Flower Observatory, Comstock of the Washburn 
Observatory, Campbell of the Lick Observatory, and 
Hussey of the Detroit Observatory of this Univer- 
sity. Many others of Watson's pupils have won dis- 
tinction in astronomical theory or its pra6f ical appli- 
cations, especially in the government surveys. Among 
others in this line of work, if I were to go through 
the list, I might dare to include myself, if I had not 
recently degenerated from this high science to be- 
come a mere man of affairs. 

These are typical of the instructors we had in the 
good old days of forty years ago, and it is no exag- 
geration to say that there has been a long line of such 
men in this University, and that they have made the 
University what it is. 

Some of us are old enough, also, to remember the 
wonderful material and intellectual progress made 
during the last forty years, since the graduation of 
the class of 1872, and how favorable have been the 
circumstances for the great development of this Uni- 
versity, taking part as it has in the progress of the last 
half of the nineteenth century. It has been asserted 
that greater progress was made in that century by 
our race than in all previous history. But the greatest 
of all the influences behind the University is to be 
found in the great men among its Faculties. Judging, 
then, from the progress of the past, I think we may 
predict with great confidence that the State and the 

C 136 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

Regents and all favorable influences will continue 
to stand behind the University, and that our Alma 
Mater will go forward to still greater achievements 
in the future. 

PRESIDENT HUTCHINS 

It gives me pleasure to present as the next speaker 
the distinguished head of a sister institution of learn- 
ing, Dr. Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, the President 
of Lafayette College. 

PRESIDENT ETHELBERT DUDLEY WARFIELD, LL.D. 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: One must 
needs feel himself at a great disadvantage this after- 
noon who does not speak as a graduate or former pro- 
fessor of the University of Michigan. I have greatly 
enjoyed the fellowship of this notable occasion, and 
have been profoundly impressed with the genius of 
the place as it has been unfolded. Though I have no 
title to any part in the fruitful past which has been 
so vividly recalled, and am only a looker-on in the 
University to-day, I have felt — I feel now — no stran- 
ger in your midst. Though in every respe6l repre- 
sentative of other institutions, I have the keenest ap- 
preciation of the unity of purpose and of feeling which 
binds American universities together. I like to recall 
that Lafayette College was founded by Scotch-Irish 
Presbyterians in a Pennsylvania German commu- 
nity and named for a Roman Catholic Frenchman. I 
may perhaps be pardoned on so informal an occasion 
as this if I make a more personal reference, and say 
that I by inheritance share in a peculiar degree that 

[ 137 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

pioneer chara6ler which is one of the chief marks and 
highest glories of your University. I am descended 
from a man who was called from the class-room of 
old William and Mary to a seat in the Virginia le- 
gislature at the crisis of the Revolution. He later on 
went to Kentucky, became a trustee of Transylvania 
Academy, which on January i , 1 800, became Tran- 
sylvania University, one of the first of that noble 
company which have brought the gathered know- 
ledge of all the ages to the service of the New W^est. 

You have heard of the man who had large pos- 
sessions in heaven — but all in the name of his wife. 
So when I turn to New England is it with me. But 
I am glad that my children claim descent from two 
men who in the old colony days subscribed, the one 
ten bushels of" Indian corn " and the other three, "to 
build the new brick college at Cambridge." 

It is a satisfaftion to me to feel that in the house- 
hold of the president of a Pennsylvania college so 
many strains meet together, and that each with the 
spirit of the pioneer brings a faith in the power of in- 
telle6lual and moral culture to elevate society and 
energize man. Most of all I rejoice to recall that the 
sacrifices made by those far-seeing patriots were not 
in vain. The gifts for the building of the new brick 
college at Cambridge were as much "seed-corn" as 
any planted in the fields of the old Bay State, and 
the fruitage has been surer, fuller, and more precious 
to the people. All of the men who opened up the way 
sowed in faith, and faith as well as wisdom is justi- 
fied of her children. 

The founders were apostles of liberty, and they 

[ 138 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

had set their trust in the behef that it is truth that 
makes us free. The liberty which they loved was in- 
separable from law, from order, from morals, and 
from religion. They delighted to trace its sources 
to many springs, and they trusted that its combined 
flood flowed on to a very wide ocean. 

I count myself happy on this occasion not only to 
be the guestof the University, but within the precin6ls 
of one who so fully represents the warmth and the 
beauty, the fascination and the power, of those ele- 
ments of learning which belong to classic antiquity. 
Himself a freeman of those mighty states which 
shaped the laws of thought and condu6l for us, Pro- 
fessor D'Ooge has made generation after generation 
of Michigan boys and girls feel the life that throbs 
to-day in the institutions and the principles of a world 
that is as much descended from Greece and Rome 
as we are from English and German forbears. The 
winds that moved the waters of the ^^gean still stir 
old memories for us, quite as much as those that rus- 
tled amid the reeds of Runnymede,the primeval pines 
of Plymouth, or the oaks of our western forests. 

This pride of ancestry may lay us open to the sus- 
picion of being aristocrats — a fearsome thing in view 
of all we hear to-day. I love the name of democrat, 
but I confess I praise the vocation of the aristocrat. 
In this as in all else we need to distinguish the good 
and the bad — even as with " Trusts." Not all demo- 
crats are equally admirable, nor yet all aristocrats 
enemies of the Republic. Our colleges certainly have 
aristocratic leanings. See how the boys and girls come 
flocking in, not that they may be brought to a com- 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

mon level, not that they may swell a numerical ma- 
jority, — and yet if the University of Michigan con- 
tinues to grow at the present pace, it will not be long 
before the one fixed majority in the State will be 
one of Michigan graduates. Go to the football field ; 
see how earnestly the players contend for the " M/' 
the coveted symbol — not of democracy, but of aris- 
tocracy. Come to the class-room, and mark the men 
who are sought out all the world over to train and 
teach the youth of to-day for the services of to-mor- 
row. Are they chosen as representatives of the long 
levels of life and learning, or of the soaring heights 
of knowledge or wisdom ? Who are the men whom 
a great nation still delights to hail as its representa- 
tives .f* Are they types of its majorities, or the happy 
exceptions from the limitations that press upon the 
masses of men.^* Are they not, one and all, the men 
who by the graceofchara6ler, of industry, of achieve- 
ment; by the consummate, synthetic grace of graces, 
the grace of God, are the aristocracy — "the best 
men".'* He is in my judgment the best democrat 
who sees clearly that the best fruit of democracy is a 
true aristocracy — an aristocracy not of ancestry, nor 
of privilege, nor of office, nor of wealth, but an aris- 
tocracy of chara6ler, of service, and of knowledge. 
Surely the glory of democracy is that it oflPers every 
incentive to each individual to become wiser, better, 
and more serviceable to self, society, and the state. 

I should like to pi6lure Democracy, unlike the old 
ideal of Justice with the bandaged eyes, as wide-eyed, 
with searching gaze, fearlessly facing every problem 
of life, social and scientific. Yet though I should wish 

[ 140 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

my Democracy to be unafraid to open its eyes in the 
face of all human things, I should like it to be un- 
ashamed to close them in the presence of Almighty 
God. Yes, though I would have Democracy proudly 
ere6l in the face of all men and all institutions, I would 
have the shoulders of Democracy ample enough and 
humble enough for any and all burdens. And, in this 
presence, let Democracy remain teachable. Shall we 
not after all represent our triumphant Democracy 
best with a book, a microscope, and a scientific bal- 
ance — learning; seeking truth rather than power.? 

At any rate,here they come, the boys and girls, the 
men and women of to-morrow, who, trained, as no 
generation before them ever was, in the great free 
universities of our land, are bent upon being and 
doing what is best for America and the world. Out of 
it all I dare hope for an aristocracy of condu6l,of 
wisdom, and of faith, controlling, dire6f ing, and in- 
spiring the progress of this beloved Republic. 

We sometimes say that those who gave their little 
gifts to found our College builded better than they 
knew. Let us do them more ample justice. Let us 
recognize that their wisdom and their faith is our 
greatest endowment. Had their faith been no bigger 
than their purses, this had been a poor land indeed. 
And in what joy the alumni return to these celebra- 
tions. It seems but yesterday since Lafayette had its 
seventy-fifth anniversary. I see again the old men 
comeback in all the vigor of an immortal youth — 
the springtime of the spirit of man. What trophies did 
they bring with them, honorable alike to their Alma 
Mater and themselves. How beautiful it was — how 

C 141 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

beautiful and how inspiring. Let us look forward to 
a yet higher reunion time, when all the college men 
and women shall come with trophies of service in their 
hands to that house not made with hands, eternal in 
the heavens. Then, as now, shall we hear sweet tales 
of wise and gentle deeds, and the oft repeated " Well 
done, good and faithful servant/' 

PRESIDENT HUTCHINS 

As Professor D'Ooge has said to you, we have with 
us this afternoon one of the few surviving members 
of the Faculty that served under the first President of 
the University. I am sure you would not forgive me 
if I brought these exercises to a close without giv- 
ing you an opportunity to hear a few words from the 
Honorable Andrew D. White. 

THE HONORABLE ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, LL.D. 

When I yesterday again entered this campus, which is 
fraught to me with many of the most delightful mem- 
ories of my life, I felt, in spite of my eighty years, 
rather a young man. To-day that feeling is somewhat 
changed, for I seem to myself much like a student 
of ancient Memphis or Thebes who had lived long 
enough to blunder into an Athenian school of the time 
of Pericles. In my service here I antedate every one 
of you, including President Angell. My le61:ures in 
this University were delivered in the days when Dr. 
Tappan used once a year to visit the State Legisla- 
ture, and in his most eloquent speechesto demonstrate 
to that body that Michigan was a great State, not by 
virtue of her lakes or her copper mines, neither of 

C 142 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

which were created by her, but by virtue of this Uni- 
versity, which she had nominally created. And I 
remember his final address, which he ended with 
these words, — " Gentlemen of the Legislature, I now 
leave you; I shall never set foot in this capitol again. 
You have insultingly refused, as you have generally 
refused, to grant the University a dollar. I wait for 
a better time, which I distin611y foresee, a time when 
better men than you will occupy the seats which you 
now hold — better men who are now my boys at the 
University." 

Especially was it borne in upon my mind this morn- 
ing that I was not quite so young as I thought myself 
a day or two ago. For as I looked into the faces of 
those hundreds of splendid young men who came up 
to receive their degrees, I began making a calcula- 
tion, and to my surprise discovered that I had looked 
into the faces of student graduating classes on at least 
sixty similar occasions, and that on twenty of these 
occasions I myself had placed diplomas in the hands of 
ingenuous youth about to go forth into the battle of life. 

The sight of these young faces aroused in me a 
thought which had come to me more than once be- 
fore. It related to a very eminent and revered priest 
in the city of Rome, St. Filippo Neri, who in the days 
of Queen Elizabeth was wont, as an old man, to go 
and sit by the door of the missionary college at Rome, 
that he might see the students entering and depart- 
ing, and who, when some one asked him why it was 
that he lingered every day in that place, said, " I wish 
to feast my eyes on those martyrs yonder." 

"Those martyrs" were going forth to the Eng- 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

land of Queen Elizabeth, in the expe6lation of a cruel 
death for high treason, and everyone of them gloried 
in it. 

It was with a feeling akin to that which was in San 
Filippo's mind and heart that I looked into the faces 
of many who went forth from their graduation here 
in my day, fifty years ago, — at the Commencement 
of 1 862. They went forth into the Civil War to fight 
for their country, — many of them to lay down their 
lives for it. There were among them some of the 
noblest and most gifted youth I have ever known, 
and I recall here especially the names of Frederick 
Arn and Albert Nye, names which the University of 
Michigan should not willingly let die. They certainly 
ought to be inscribed in yonder beautiful Memorial 
Building, not, indeed, so much for their own glory as 
for the glory of the University. For they were in the 
truest sense martyrs, — martyrs to liberty and to the 
perpetuity of their country. 

But of those who are graduated in these days few, 
if any, I trust, go forth to become martyrs. My hope 
is that they go forth to become heroes, — heroes and 
vi6lors in the steady warfare against unreason which 
must be waged in our country at all times; against 
unreasoning conservatism and unreasoning radical- 
ism, and in favor of measures constru61:ive rather than 
destru61:ive, — evolution rather than revolution. 

I would speak to those going forth now and here 
in this wise: "Those predecessors of yours in the Civil 
War period went forth to die for their country. You 
graduates of these days should go forth to live for 
your country , determined to fight all those who at the 

C 144 ] 



THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER 

call of self-interest, or notoriety, or the lust of power, 
or the claims of faction, are really enemies of our 
country." 

There stands yonder on your University grounds a 
monument to one of the pupils of Thomas Arnold of 
Rugby, that renowned thinker and teacher, who, at 
Rugby school, prepared many of his scholars to take 
their places among the greatest statesmen and lead- 
ers of thought in Great Britain. I remember that when 
I first came upon this campus — the youngest mem- 
ber of the Faculty — this monument was an inspira- 
tion to me. It glorified this institution to me, and it 
gave me new hopes and new faith that the Univer- 
sity of Michigan had a great destiny and would be a 
centre from which would radiate powerful influences 
for the enrichment, the enlightenment, and the en- 
noblement of this country and of mankind. 

You young men and women of to-day go forth into 
a struggle as real and as vital as that of the Civil War. 
May you prove to be as patriotic, as valiant, and as 
self-sacrificing as your predecessors of that glorious 
period. 

As I have looked into your faces to-day there has 
come over me, as on various similar occasions before, 
a feeling of wonder and of awe. For you are to see 
things which we older men dream of, but shall never 
see. You are to know the outcome, for good or evil, 
of ideas, experiments, struggles, tendencies, which 
we shall never know. You are to acclaim great men 
whose names we shall never hear. We, about to pass 
into silence, salute you. May you be worthy of your 
Alma Mater and of your country. 

C 145 ] 



UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES 

PARTICIPATING IN THE CELEBRATION 
AND THEIR OFFICIAL DELEGATES 



UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES 

PARTICIPATING IN THE CELEBRATION 
AND THEIR OFFICIAL DELEGATES 

Harvard University: Melville Madison Bigelow, ph.d., ll.d. 

University of Pennsylvania: Josiah Harmar Penniman, PH.D., 
LL.D., Vice-Provost 

Princeton University: Professor Duane Reed Stuart, ph.d. 

Columbia University: Professor Calvin Thomas, a.m., ll.d. 

Rutgers College: Howard Elting, b.sc. 

Dartmouth College: Professor Frank Haigh Dixon, ph.d. 

Dickinson College: Merrill James Holdeman, ph.b. 

University of Pittsburgh : Chancellor Samuel Black McCormick, 
D.D., ll.d. 

University of Vermont: Professor Marbury Bladen Ogle, ph.d. 

Williams College: Reverend Henry Tatlock, d.d. 

Miami University: Professor Elmer Ellsworth Powell, ph.d. 

Colgate University: Professor Robert Webber Moore, ph.b. 

University of Virginia: Professor Albert Henry Tuttle, a.b., m.sc. 

Indiana University: Professor Charles McGuffey Hepburn, a.b., 
ll.b., ll.d. 

HoBART College: Dean William Pitt Durfee, ph.d. 

Kenyon College: Professor Jacob Streibert, ph.d. 

Western Reserve University: Professor Benjamin Parsons Bour- 
land, PH.D. 

University of Toronto: Professor James Playfair McMurrich, 

PH.D. 

New York University: Chancellor Elmer Ellsworth Brown, ph.d.. 



C 149 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Lafayette College: President Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, ll.d. 

Haverford College: Professor Joseph Lybrand Markley, ph.d., 
of the Univerfiity of Michigan 

Oberlin College: Professor Fred Eugene Leonard, a.m., m.d. 

Marietta College: Reverend Arthur Granville Beach, a.b., b.d. 

Mount Holyoke College: Professor Ellen Clarinda Hinsdale, 

PH.D. 

Knox College: President Thomas McClelland, d.d. 

De Pauw University: Assistant Professor Warren Washburn Flo- 
rer, ph.d., of the University of Michigan 

U>nvERSiTY OF Missouri: President Albert Ross Hill, ll.d.. Pro- 
fessor Earle Raymond Hedrick, ph.d., Guy Lincoln Noyes, m.d., 
Superintendent of the University Hospital 

Queen's University: Dean William Stewart Ellis, a.b., b.sc. 

University of Notre Dame: President John William Cavanaugh, 
c.s.c, d.d. 

Ohio Wesleyan University: Professor Richard Taylor Stevenson, 

PH.D., D.D. 

Beloit College: President Edward Dwight Eaton, d.d. 

Grinnell College: Professor Henry Carter Adams, ph.d., ll.d., 
of the University of Michigan 

Earlham College: Professor Arthur Matthew Charles, b.s., a.m. 

University of Iowa: Professor Albert Moore Barrett, m.d., of the 
University of Michigan 

University of Wisconsin : Professor George Cary Comstock, ll.b., 
ll.d., sc.d. 

University of Rochester: Professor Henry Fairfield Burton, a.m., 

LL.D. 

Butler College: President Thomas Carr Howe, ph.d. 
Northwestern University: Professor James Alton James, ph.d. 



LIST OF DELEGATES 

Tufts College: Dean Lee Sullivan McCoUester, d.d. 

Michigan State Normal College: Professor Benjamin Leonard 
D'Ooge, PH.D. 

Hillsdale College: President Joseph William Mauck, a.m., ll.d. 

Kalamazoo College: Professor Ernest Alanson Balch, ph.d. 

Michigan Agricultural College : President Jonathan Le Moyne 
Snyder, PH.D., ll.d. 

University of California: Professor Armin Otto Leuschner, 

PH.D., SC.D. 

Albion College: Professor Delos Fall, sc.d., ll.d. 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Professor George 
Washington Patterson, ph.d., of the University of Michigan 

Vassar College: Miss Winnifred Josephine Robinson, b.pd., b.s., 

A.M. 

University of Washington: Professor Frank Marion Morrison, 

A.B. 

University of Maine: Professor Le Roy Han-is Harvey, b.s., 
PH.D., of the Western State Normal School 

Washburn College: Professor Willoughby Deuel Boughton, a.b. 

Lehigh University: President Henrj^ Sturgis Drinker, e.m., ll.d. 

University of Kansas: Dean Lucius Elmer Sayre, b.s., ph.m. 

University of Wooster: Dean Elias Compton, ph.d. 

West Virginia University: President Thomas Edward Hodges, 
D.sc, ll.d. 

Cornell University : Professor Jeremiah Whipple Jenks, ph.d., ll.d. 

University of Minnesota: President George Edgar Vincent, ph.d., 

LL.D. 

University of Nebraska : Professor Olenus Lee Sponsler, a.b. 
Purdue University: Professor Thomas Francis Moran, ph.d. 

C 151 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

SwARTHMORE CoLLEGE: Profcssor Walter Dennison, ph.d. 

Ohio State University: President William Oxley Thompson, 
D.D., LL.D., Dean Joseph Villiers Denney, a.m., Professor George 
Wells Knight, ph.d. 

Vanderbilt University : Professor Campbell Bonner, ph.d., ©/"f/je 
University of Michigan 

Wellesley College: Professor Angie Clara Chapin, m.a. 

Johns Hopkins University: Ralph Van Deman Magoffin, ph.d,, 
Associate 

Lake Forest University: Professor Frederick Wiley Stevens, b.s. 

Radcliffe College : Miss Maiy Louisa Hinsdale, a.m. 

Rose Polytechnic Institute: Professor Frank Casper Wagner, 
A.M., B.s. 

University of North Dakota: David Lewis Dunlap, b.s., m.d.. 
Director of Athletics 

University of Texas: Frank Burr Marsh, ph.d. 

Michigan College of Mines : President Fred Walter McNair, b.s., 
d.sc. 

University of Wyoming: Professor Arthur Emmons Bellis, a.b., 

M.S. 

Alma College: Professor John Thomas Ewing, a.m. 

University of Nevada : Professor James Edward Church, Jr., ph.d. 

The Catholic University of America : Right Reverend Edward 
Dennis Kelly, d.d., Auxiliari/ Bishop of Detroit 

Leland Stanford Junior University : Professor Ephraim Doug- 
lass Adams, ph.d. 

College of the Pacific: Nathan William MacChesney, a.b., ll.b. 

University of Chicago: Dean James Rowland Angell, a.m., Pro- 
fessor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, a.m., ll.b. 

University of Montana: Miss M.nry Stewart, Dean of JTomen 

C 152 ] 



LIST OF DELEGATES 

Western State Normal School: Professor William McCracken, 

PH.D. 

University of Florida: Professor Edmund Charles Dickinson, j.d., 

Professor Herbert Govert Keppel, ph.d. 
Northern State Normal School: President James Hamilton Kay e, 

A.M. 



[ ^53 ] 



PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK 



PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK 

INCLUDING SOME UNOFFICIAL EVENTS OF INTEREST 
SUNDAY, JUNE TWENTY-THIRD 

8 P.M. Baccalaureate Exercises in University Hall. 

Prelude: Orgel Hymne Piutti 

Anthem: "Die Strain Uprahe SUmlfi/ 

Reading of Scripture and Prayer 
Solo : 'llic Lord is my f^hephcrd Lidddl 

MK. WII I.IAM IIOWLAND 

Baccalaureate Address, by the Right Reverend Ciiari.es 
SuMNKK liuKCH, D.i)., SuflVagan llisliop ol' New York 
Doxology 
Benediction 
Postlude: Hallelujah Chorus Handel 

MONDAY, JUNE TWENTY-FOURTH 

2.30 P.M. Class Day Exercises of the Department of Law 
in University Hall. 

4 P.M. Baseball Game. Pennsylvania versus Michigan at 
Ferry Field. 

8 I'.M. The Alcestis of Eurij^ides presented in English by 
the WoMF.N OF THE Seniou Class in front of Alinnni Me- 
morial Hall, with music by Professor Albert Augustus 
Stanley. 

TUESDAY, JUNE TWENTY-FIFTH 

10 A.M. Class Day Exercises of the Department of Litera- 
ture, Science, and the Arts at the Band Stand. 
Class Day Exercises of the Department of Engineering 
in the Engineering Court. 

c '.07 : 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

2.30 P.M. Undergraduate Celebration. Procession of Stu- 
dent Campus Organizations in Costume. 

3.30 P.M. Entertainment tendered by the Undergraduates, 
under the Management of the Michigan Union, in the 
Pavilion. 

7 P.M. Open-air Concert by the University Musical Clubs 
in the Band Stand. 

8.30 P.M. Senior Reception and Ball in the Gymnasiums. 

Smoker in Honor of Delegates from other Institutions, 
tendered by the University Club, at their Quarters in 
Alumni Memorial Hall. 



WEDNESDAY, JUNE TWENTY-SIXTH 
COMMEMORATION DAY 

8.15 A.M. Ceremony of Hoisting the Flag. 

9 A.M. Academic Procession. 

10 A.M. Commemoration Exercises, in Honor of the Sev- 
enty-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Univer- 
sity, in the Pavilion. 

Overture: Oberon von Weber 

Prayer, by the Right Reverend Charles Sumner Burch, 
D.D., Suffragan Bishop of New York 

The Commemoration Address, by the Honorable Law- 
rence Maxwell, ll.d. 

Congratulatory Addresses : 

Representing Endowed Universities: Chancellor Elmer 
Ellsworth Brown, ll.d.. New York University 

Representing Michigan State Colleges: President Joseph 
William Mauck, ll.d., Hillsdale College 

Representing State Universities: President William Ox- 
ley Thompson, d.d., ll.d., Ohio State University 

Music: Pilg'nms' Chorus Wagner 

L 158 ] 



PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK 

Benedidion, by the Reverend Arthur William Stalker, d.d. 

March: Tlie Fidors Elbel 

1 P.M. Alumni Luncheon in Barbour Gymnasium. 

President's Luncheon in Honor of the Official Dele- 
gates, in the University Library. 

2.30 P.M. Meeting of the University Alumni Association in 
Alumni Memorial Hall. 

3.30 P.M. Procession of Alumni and Undergraduates to 
Ferry Field. 

4 P.M. Baseball Game. Pennsylvania versus Michigan at 
Ferry Field. 

6 P.M. Class Dinners. 

8 P.M. Illumination of the Campus. 

Senior Promenade. 

Open-air Concert by the Band of the 26th Infantry, 
U.S.A. 

9 P.M. Senate Reception in Alumni Memorial Hall. 

THURSDAY, JUNE TWENTY-SEVENTH 
COMMENCEMENT DAY 

8.15 A.M. Ceremony of Hoisting the Flag. 

9 A.M. Academic Procession. 

10 A.M. Commencement Exercises in the Pavilion. 

Prayer, by the Right Reverend Edward Dennis Kelly, 
D.D., Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit 

The Commencement Address, by Professor Jeremiah 
Whipple Jenks, ll.d. 

Conferring of Degrees 

Music: The University Glee Club 

Benedi6tion, by the Reverend Henry Tatlock, D.D. 

1 P.M. Commencement Dinner in Waterman Gymnasium. 



HONORARY i)1':(;rI':i:s 



HONORARY DEGREES 

VOTED BY THE BOARD OF REGENTS, APRIL 25 AND MAY 24, AND 
CONFERRED AT COMMENCEMENT, JUNE 27, 1912 

BY vote of the Senate Council and the Board of Regents, 
the honorary degrees conferred this year were confined 
to graduates of the University and former members of the 
University Senate. 

I 

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF LAWS 

as of designated classes 

Harry EIldridge King 

A member of the Ohio Bar, as of the class of 1883. 

Harry Compton Davis 

A member of the Michigan Bar, as of the class of 1877. 

The Honorable Clement McDonald Smith 

Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of Michigan, as of the class of 
1867. 

II 

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS 

AS OF designated CLASSES 

Lincoln MacMillan 

Financial Editor of the Chicago Record- Herald, as of the class of 
1890. 

Frederick Hampden Bacon 

A member of the Missouri Bar, as of the class of 1871. 

Ill 
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS 

Doctor James Craven Wood 

Surgeon and author, and formerly a member of the Faculty of the 
Homoeopathic Medical College of the University of Michigan. 

[ 163 3 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Eugene Clarence Warriner 

Of the class of 1891, a man of recognized force and effedtiveness 
in the field of secondary education. 

James Hamilton Kaye 

Of the class of 1892, the efficient President of the Northern Michi- 
gan State Normal School. 

Doctor Herman Prinz 

Of the class of 1896, College of Dental Surgery, distinguished as 
dental scientist and author. 

Doctor Otto Landman 

Of the class of 1884, Department of Literature, Science, and the 
Arts, and of the class of 1887, Department of Medicine and Sur- 
gery, known for his contributions to the science of ophthalmology. 

Doctor Harold Gifford 

Of the class of 1882, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pro- 
fessor of Ophthalmology in the University of Nebraska, and an 
original worker in the field of his specialty. 

Clarence Ashley Lightner 

Of the class of 1883, a member of the State Board of Law Exam- 
iners, who has rendered valuable service in the way of raising the 
standards of legal education. 

David Emil Heineman 

Of the class of 1887, a public-spirited citizen and loyal alumnus, who 
has done much to advance the interests of his Alma Mater. 

Robert Patterson Lamont 

Of the class of 1891, Department of Engineering, who has achieved 
marked success as an engineer and later as a leader in great com- 
mercial enterprises. 

Mrs. Madelon Stockwell Turner 

Of the class of 1872, the first woman to enter the University of 
Michigan, who by her poise and dignity and scholarship con- 
quered at once what by many were thought to be insurmountable 
obstacles. 

Professor Joseph Baker Davis 

Of the class of 1868, in service for forty years in the Faculty of 

C 164 J 



HONORARY DEGREES 

the University of Michigan, honored and loved by all who sat 
under him. 

IV 
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF SCIENCE 

ELdward Allen Fay 

Of the class of 1862, educator, editor, one of the foremost Dante 
scholars in this country, and historian of American schools for the 
deaf. 

Doctor John Elmer Weeks 

Of the class of 1881, Department of Medicine and Surgery, 
now Professor of Ophthalmology in the University and Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, joint discoverer of the Koch- Weeks 
bacillus. 

Doctor John Jacob Abel 

Of the class of 1883, Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics in the Department of Medicine and Surgery of this Univer- 
sity from 1891 to 1893, now Professor of Pharmacology in Johns 
Hopkins University, distinguished for his researches and original 
contributions. 

Doctor Henry Sewall 

Professor of Physiology in this University from 1882 to 1889, now 
Professor of Physiology in the University of Colorado, whose re- 
search on immunization to the venom of the rattlesnake, done while 
a Professor in this University, laid the foundation for the discov- 
ery of diphtheria antitoxin. 

Bryant Walker 

Of the class of 1876, a man who, though a busy lawyer, has found 
the time to make himself well and favorably known for his pub- 
lished work on molluscs, a world authority on the group. 

Charles Francis Brush 

Of the class of 1869, Department of Engineering, the earliest pio- 
neer in the field of eledric lighting, inventor of modem arc eledlric 
lighting, honored many times at home and abroad for his scientific 
achievements. 

C 165 3 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

V 
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING 

George Henry Benzenberg 

Of the class of 1867, Department of Engineering, Past President of 
the American Society of Civil Engineers, a noted authority on the 
construdlion of water works, distinguished civil engineer and citizen, 

Cornelius Donovan 

Of the class of 1872, Department of Engineering, a profound stu- 
dent of river hydraulics, a faithful servant of the United States 
GoveiTiment for thirty-eight years, and distinguished as the builder 
of the great jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. 

VI 

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF LAWS 

Doctor William Henry Howell 

Of Johns Hopkins Universit)^ Professor of Histology and Physi- 
ology in the University of Michigan from 1890 to 1892, distin- 
guished teacher and investigator, a physiologist of the first rank. 

Right Reverend Charles Sumner Burch 

Of the class of 1875, Suffragan Bishop of New York, a man of 
liberal culture, wide experience, and broad sympathies, whose effec- 
tiveness as preacher, organizer, and administrator has received fre- 
quent and conspicuous recognition. 

Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin 

Of the class of 1882, for many years a member of the historical 
staff of his Alma Mater, now Professor and Head of the Depart- 
ment of History in the University of Chicago, a distinguished 
teacher, whose published contributions have placed him in the front 
rank of American historical scholars. 

Doctor James Playfair McMurrich 

For thirteen years Professor of Anatomy in the University of 
Michigan, now Professor of Anatomy in the University of 
Toronto, distinguished as a teacher and for learned contributions 
to the sciences of Biology and Anatomy. 

C l«6 ] 



HONORARY DEGREES 

Professor Floyd Russell Mechem 

For ten years Tappan Professor of Law in the University of Mich- 
igan, now a member of the Faculty of Law of the University of 
Chicago, a teacher of great originality and power and a produ6tive 
legal scholar, whose published works have received general and 
merited recognition. 

Henry Smith Carhart 

For o^'er twenty years Professor of Physics in the University of 
Michigan, now a worthy recipient of the honors of the Carnegie 
Foundation, distinguished as scholar and author and for his ser- 
vice in the cause of international eledrical units and standards of 
measurement. 

Melville Madison Bigelow 

A graduate of the University of Michigan in the class of 1866, dis- 
tinguished as a teacher of law and for his researches and published 
work, particularly in the fields of jurisprudence and legal history. 

Robert Simpson Woodward 

A graduate of the University of Michigan in the class of 1872, since 
1905 the President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 
engineer, astronomer, geographer, physicist, a renowned investi- 
gator of problems in the solution of which the whole world is in- 
terested. 

Doctor James Burrill Angell 

Scholar, journalist, diplomatist, orator, university president, a man 
whom we all love and honor, whose distinguished services to State 
and Nation, and particularly to this University during the many 
years when he so wisely shaped its policy and guarded its interests, 
call for the highest recognition that can be accorded. 



n 167 ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

AT a meeting of the Board of Regents on Septem- 
J^\^ ber 28, 1911, Regent Bulkley, having called 
attention to the fa61; that the year 1912 would mark 
the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the 
University, secured the adoption of the following 
resolution : 

JFhereaSy The year 1912 is the seventy-fifth anniversary 
of the foundation of the University of Michigan, therefore, 
be it 

Resolved: That the President of the University be requested 
to ask the University Senate, the Alumni Association, and 
the Michigan Union to cooperate with the Regents in devel- 
oping plans for a proper celebration of the Diamond Jubilee 
of the University. 

On 06lober 23,1911, the University Senate accepted 
the invitation of the Board of Regents to cooperate in 
the celebration, and authorized President Hutchins to 
appoint a committee of seven to take the matter under 
consideration and also to confer with the Regents. 
The Senate suggested that the celebration be held 
not earher than Commencement week of 1912, and, 
if possible, in conne6lion with the opening of the Hill 
Auditorium. Three days later the Board authorized 
the appointment of two Regents to constitute a com- 
mittee of conference, and the President subsequently 
named Regents Bulkley and Beal to serve as such 
a committee. 

The committee appointed to prepare plans for the 
celebration reported to the Board of Regents on Jan- 
uary 26, 1912, as follows: 

C '71 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

To the Honorable Board of Regents : The committee author- 
ized by your Board to co5perate with the Regents in devel- 
oping plans for a proper celebration of the Seventy-fifth 
Anniversary of the University, met January 5, 1912, with 
the following members present: President Hutchins, Re- 
gent Beal, Regent Bulkley, Dean Reed, Dean Cooley, Dr. 
Vaughan, Dean Bates, Dr. Hoff, Dr. Hinsdale ; also Judge 
Lane, and Mr. Shaw, representing the Alumni Association, 
and Professor Bursley and Mr. Wells, representing the 
Union. This committee appointed a sub-committee of five, 
consisting of the President, Regent Beal, Dean Vaughan, 
Dean Cooley, and Secretary Smith, to prepare and present 
a tentative plan for the celebration. This sub-committee met 
Saturday, January 6, and prepared a report which was pre- 
sented to the general committee at its next meeting, January 
10, when it was adopted with certain modifications. 

The committee begs leave to present herewith to your 
honorable body this plan as finally approved by the general 
committee. 

The recommendations of the committee are as follows : 

{a) It is the sense of this committee that the celebration 
of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the University of Mich- 
igan be confined to Commencement week, June 23 to 27, 
1912, inclusive. 

{b) That there be three principal addresses, — one on 
Sunday of Commencement week in place of the Baccalau- 
reate sermon, one on Wednesday, and one on Commence- 
ment day, the last being the Commencement oration ; that 
the question of speakers be left to the committee on invita- 
tions with power. 

[c] That invitations be sent in accordance with the fol- 
lowing resolution : 

Resolved: That an invitation to send an official delegate 
be extended to all state universities of this country and all 

[ 172 ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

other universities and colleges of the first rank (in accord- 
ance with A Classification of Universities and Colleges as 
issued by the United States Bureau of Education in 1911), 
in the Western Hemisphere and United States ' possessions, 
and to all colleges in the State of Michigan. 

(d) That all Class Day exercises during Commencement 
week be confined to Monday and Tuesday, and that Wednes- 
day, June 26, be designated as Commemoration Day. The 
following programme for the day is recommended: 

1. Procession on the Campus, starting at 9 o'clock a.m., 
and exercises in University Hall to be completed in time for 
luncheon. 

2. A special reception and luncheon, provided for by the 
following resolutions : 

Resolved: That a special luncheon, to be called the Presi- 
dent's Reception and Luncheon, be provided on Wednes- 
day of Commemoration Day. 

Resolved: That for this reception and luncheon the com- 
mittee extend invitations to the official delegates, the spe- 
cially invited guests, the Governor of the State, the Presi- 
dent, the Regents, the Deans, and the ladies of their families. 

Resolved: That the delegates be received at the Presi- 
dent's Reception and Luncheon by the Governor, the Re- 
gents, the President, and the Administrative Officers of the 
University. 

3. Alumni meeting in the early afternoon. 

4. The latter part of the afternoon to be devoted to re- 
unions, a ball game, automobile trips, and the like. 

5. Class dinners from 6 to 8 o'clock. 

6. From 8 to 9 o'clock illumination of the campus, and 
an open-air concert, the Glee Club also to furnish music, if 
desired. In case of inclement weather the illumination to be 
omitted in part and the concert to be given in University Hall. 

7. From 9 to 11 o'clock Senate Reception in Memorial 
Hall. 

C 173 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

(<?) That visiting delegates, Regents, and members of the 
University Senate be requested to wear academic dress at 
the morning exercises of Commemoration Day and Com- 
mencement day, — this request not to extend to alumni or 
other invited guests. 

{f) That Dean M .E. Cooley be invited to act as Marshal 
of the Day, both for the Commemoration and the Commence- 
ment processions. 

{g) That sub-committees be appointed as follows : 

1. An Executive Committee, with Professor J. R. Effin- 
ger as Chairman, to act with the Secretary of the Uni- 
versity and with Professor E. D. Jones, Professor A. H. 
White, and Professor C. J. Tilden. 

2. A Committee on Invitations, of which President 
Emeritus Angell is Chairman, with the President of the 
University and the Dean of each Department as the other 
members. The matter of congratulatory addresses to be left 
to this committee with power, and also authority to invite 
special guests. 

3. A Committee of five on Decoration, with Professor 
C. S. Denison as Chairman, and Professor Emil Lorch, 
Professor H. R. Cross, Mr. W. C. Titcomb, and Mr. F. R. 
Finch, as the other members. 

4. A Committee on Music, with Professor A. A. Stanley 
as Chairman, and Professor E. A. Boucke and Professor 
A. L. Cross as the other members. 

5. A Committee on Hospitality, with Professor W.P. 
Lombard as Chairman, and Professor H. P. Thieme, Pro- 
fessor G. W. Patterson, Professor F. G. Novy, and Professor 
Evans Holbrook as the other members.^ 

6. A Committee on Registration and Badges, with Mr. 
W. B. Shaw as Chairman, and Professor H. S. Smalley, 

' This committee was later supplemented by a committee of the Ann Arbor 
Board of Commerce constituted as follows : Mr. H. W. Douglas, Chairman, 
and Messrs. M. J. Cavanaugh, J. J. Goodyear, E. F. Mills, G. W. Sample, 
and C. W. Wagner. 

C 174 ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

Professor J. A. Bursley, Professor W. G. Stoner, and Dr. 
Mark Marshall as the other members. 

7. A Committee on Dinner and Luncheon, with Profes- 
sor S. L. Bigelow^ as Chairman, and Professor H. C. Sad- 
ler and Professor W. J. Hale as the other members. 

8. A Committee on Publicity, with Regent Beal as Chair- 
man, and Professor J. R. Brumm, Dr. H. C. Thurnau, 
Mr. J. R. Nelson, and Mr. W. B. Shaw as the other mem- 
bers. 

9. A Committee on Railroads and Transportation, with 
Professor H. C. Adams as Chairman, and Judge V. H. 
Lane, Professor J. S. Reeves, Professor E. D. Jones, and 
Mr. W. H. Hamilton as the other members. 

10. A Committee on Programme and Exercises, of which 
the Chairman of the Executive Committee is Chairman, 
with the chairmen of the various committees as the other 
members of the committee. 

11. A Committee on a Commemoration Volume, with 
Professor F.N. Scott as Chairman, and Professor L. A. 
Strauss and Professor T. E. Rankin as the other members. 

12. A Committee on Student Participation, with Pro- 
fessor J. A. Bursley as Chairman, and Professor Evans 
Holbrook, Captain Inman Sealby, Matthew P. Blish, and 
Lawrence Abrams as the other members. 

{fi) That the Directors of the Michigan Union be re- 
quested to take charge of the work of ascertaining what 
accommodations can be provided for the alumni and other 
visitors, returning for the celebration, and to publish lists of 
the same for the use of the guests and returning alumni. 

(?) That the offer of the Michigan Union to provide an 
entertainment on the campus on the afternoon of Tuesday, 
June 25, be accepted, provided that the afternoon is free 
from conflicting engagements. 

* Professor Bigelow afterwards resigned, and Professor G. W. Patterson was 
appointed in his place. 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

On motion of Regent Sawyer, the report was adopted 
with the exception of the clause relating to academic 
dress, which was referred to the University Senate.^ 
On motion of Regent Grant the Board on Feb- 
ruary 29, 1912, adopted the following resolution in 
accordance with the recommendation of the general 
committee : 

Whereas^ In order that the plans for the celebration of the 
seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the University 
may be carried out harmoniously and successfully, it is ne- 
cessary that authority be lodged in some body which shall 
have supervision of the work of all the committees ; there- 
fore, be it 

Resolved: That it shall be the duty of the chairmen of the 
various sub-committees currently to report their plans to 
the Chairman of the Executive Committee for approval or 
modification, and that all matters involving expense shall 
be passed upon in writing by the Chairman of the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

It was also decided that the usual alumni breakfast 
served during the forenoon of Alumni Day should, 
for the coming Commencement, be changed to an 
alumni luncheon at noon, with a more substantial 
menu than usual, and that I300 should be added 
to the budget of the celebration for this purpose, with 
the understanding that the committee should have 
the cooperation of the local Association of Collegiate 
Alumnae in the serving of this luncheon. The Board 
approved the plan of holding the President's Luncheon 
for the delegates and specially invited guests in the 
reading-roomofthe General Library, and adopted the 

^ The recommendation of the committee regarding academic dress was 
adopted by the University Senate March 12. 

C 176 ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

suggestion of renting a tent, with a seating capacity 
of approximately 5000 people, in which to hold the 
exercises of Commemoration Day and Commence- 
ment day. An appropriation of liooo was made to 
provide the tent and seating equipment. 

The report of the general committee having been 
approved by the Board of Regents, the several sub- 
committees gave immediate attention to the details 
of the final plans. When it is remembered that only 
four months remained for the completion of their 
work, and that the members of the committees were 
burdened with the usual class-room and administra- 
tive duties, the thoroughness with which the work was 
organized and the precision with which it was car- 
ried out deserve honorable mention in this record. 
No detail in the extensive arrangements was neg- 
Ie6led, and the various programmes were carried to 
a successful conclusion without a single failure. It is 
only fair to add that credit for no small part of this 
achievement should be given to the committee of 
the Ann Arbor Board of Commerce, which cooper- 
ated actively and enthusiastically with the University 
committees. 

Since the anniversary celebration was held in con- 
jun6lion with the sixty-eighth commencement, the 
programme of the week was opened with the Bacca- 
laureate address, which was delivered by the Right 
Reverend Charles Sumner Burch, '75, Suffragan 
Bishop of New York, on Sunday evening, June 23. 
At 7.30 p.m. the members of each of the graduating 
classes of the seven departments of the University as- 
sembled at their appointed places in various parts of 

C 177 3 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

the campus. At 7.45 the several classes and candidates 
for advanced degrees formed a double line num- 
bering 1146 black-robed figures, and, keeping step 
to the processional played by Professor Stanley on 
the great Columbian organ, entered University Hall, 
where they occupied the two middle se6lions of seats. 
The remaining seats downstairs and those in the gal- 
lery were filled long before the crowd that sought 
admittance was accommodated. 

Seated on the platform were the speaker of the even- 
ing. Bishop Burch, President H. B. Hutchins, Presi- 
dent Emeritus James B. Angell,and other University 
officials. Professor D'Ooge opened the exercises by a 
Scripture reading and prayer. After a solo by William 
Rowland, of the Faculty of the School of Music, the 
President introduced Bishop Burch, who delivered a 
thoughtful address on The Optimism of Unrest. At the 
conclusion of the address the audience sang America 
and was dismissed with the benedi6lion. 

Early Monday morning, June 24, the general of- 
fices of the Alumni Association in Memorial Hall were 
thrown open for the reception of University guests, 
who began pouring into town on the first trains. It was 
here that the "old grads" signed their names in the 
huge register, and received class badge, souvenirpins, 
and campus hand-books. All day the registration con- 
tinued, and on into the night, and all next day, and 
the next, until a total was reached of 2470. 

Forty-two classes held regular reunions, as fol- 
lows: The semi-centennial reunion of the class of 
1862 ; the quarter-centennial of the class of 1887 in 
the Literary and the Medical Department; joint re- 

[ 178 D 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

unions of the classes of 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 
1892, 1893, 1894, 1895; also of the classes of 1852, 
1857, 1867, 1869, 1872, 1877, 1882, 1897,1902, 
1907 in the Literary and the Engineering Depart- 
ment; reunions in the Medical Department: classes 
of 1861, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1877, 1882, 1887, 1892, 
1 894, 1 895, 1 902 , 1 907 ; reunions in the Law Depart- 
ment: classes of 1868, 1876, 1877, 1892,1894,1895, 
1897, 1902, 1907; and the Dental class of 1902. It 
was a matter of much regret that the sole surviv- 
ing member of the class of 1852 was unable to be 
present to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of his 
graduation. 

For the purpose of arousing a proper spirit among 
their scattered memberships, the classes of 1892, 
1 893, 1 894, and 1 895 joined forces in the publication 
of a class paper, which made its first appearance about 
two months before the celebration, as the Reunion 
Barker. 

The first two days of the celebration belonged 
primarily to the graduating classes. At 2.30 Monday 
afternoon the Senior Law class held exercises in 
University Hall. Following a sele6lion by the orches- 
tra, Roscoe O. Bonisteel, the class president, gave 
the address of welcome. The history of the class 
was read by Frank T. Hinks, and the class poem by 
Philip H. Cale. An oration, entitled The Pra6lice of 
Law — A Business or a Profession.'^ was delivered by 
Sigmund W. David. After the prophecy by Sam- 
uel A. Persky, the class memorial, a portrait of Pro- 
fessor Edson R. Sunderland, was presented by Lang- 
don H. Larwill. The speech of acceptance was made 

C 179 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

by Dean Bates, of the Law Faculty. Edward C. Mid- 
dleton pronounced the valedi6lory, and the exercises 
closed with the singing of The Yellow and Blue. 

The baseball game between Michigan and Penn- 
sylvania, played on Ferry Field later in the after- 
noon, resulted in defeat for the home team, the final 
score being eleven to four. The Wednesday contest 
between the same teams was won by Michigan, the 
score being two to one. 

One of the most delightful events of Commence- 
ment week was the presentation of the Alcestis of 
Euripides, at eight o'clock Monday evening, by the 
girls of the Senior class. The performance was staged 
in the portico of Memorial Hall, the audience occu- 
pying improvised seats on the lawn stretching down 
to the street. The imposing Greek columns, flooded 
with the light of two calcium refle61ors at the rear 
of the audience, the my sterious shadows lurkingin the 
background, the soft flowing draperies of the a6fors, 
the altar and the incense, and the open sky — all these 
lent a charm not incomparable to that of the Athens 
of many centuries ago. 

The cast of the play was as follows: 

Alcestis. Mary C. Bonner, San Juan, Porto Rico. 
Admetos. Josephine S. Davis, Traverse City, Mich. 
Apollo. Ethel E. Geer, Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Thanatos. L. Rae Banfield, Ann Arbor. 
Handmaiden. Louise E. Tuthill, Kansas City, Mo. 
Herakles. Lois O. Gibbons, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Pheres. Anna J. Kolmesh, Ann Arbor. 
Pheres" Boy. Marjorie E. Macdonald, St. Cloud, Minn. 

C i8o ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

Cup- Bearer. Gladys S. Pearson, Fremont, Mich. 
Eumelus. Lucile G. Stovve, Howell, Mich. 
Daughter of Alcestis. Alma M. Young, Howell, Mich. 
Children'' s Attendant. Hazel K. Wolcott, Grand Rapids, 

Mich. 
Attendants of Alcestis. Grace M. Lockton, Ann Arbor; 

Charlotte M. Prichard, Ann Arbor ; Anna L. Stellwa- 

gen, Ann Arbor. 
Attendants of Pheres. Emma J. Wilson, Newtown, Pa.; 

Minnie F. Votruba, Traverse City, Mich. 

Special music of a highly original chara6ler was com- 
posed for the play by Professor A. A. Stanley, who 
thus describes its aims and method: 

In the music an attempt was made to reconcile two seem- 
ingly opposing points of view involving a choice between 
imitating the archaic musical system of the Greeks and 
presenting the essential emotional characteristics of the an- 
cient music in terms intelligible to modern ears. The choice 
falling on the second method, for which the fact that the 
drama was given in English gave a certain justification, 
the problem was simplified from one point of view while 
from another the difficulties were increased. It was solved 
by basing the music on the most ancient Greek modes, tak- 
ing a Dorian tetrachord as a basic motive, making free use 
of the Phrygian, Lydian, and Mixo-Lydian forms, and espe- 
cially by the employment of the chromatic tetrachord. The 
artistic possibilities of this tetrachord are infinite, and it 
lends itself to all the requirements of ultra-modern music. 
Furthermore, it opens up a hitherto unexplored region. By 
the use of the first motive (Dorian) and a pregnant phrase 
from the First Hymn to Apollo as typical motives, the ne- 
cessary unity was secured. The sudden changes in the tonal 
characteristics of the ancient music were represented by 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

enharmonic harmonies which were in every instance modal. 
The instrumental accompaniment was given by flutes and 
clarinets and harps, while the choruses were in unison, with 
the exception of a short movement in six parts for female 
voices, "Soft lie the earth upon her gentle breast." The 
Lament of Eumelus, ' ' Woe for my lot, " was set for alto solo 
with a clarinet obligato. This followed the ancient custom, 
as it was always sung by a (professional) boy alto. Use was 
made of the paeonic (|) meter in 

" Hence is thy house, Admetiis, graced 
With all that Plenty's hand bestows," 

and the rhythmic elasticity of this meter was abundantly 
justified. In the instrumental introduction to the Hypor- 
cheme (Dance Song), "My venturous foot delights to tread" 
(^ time), the Dorian and chromatic tetrachords combined 
with the motive from the Hymn to Apollo. The song itself, 
accompanied by graceful dance figures suggestive of this 
forgotten form, carried out the same themes. Perhaps the 
chorus, "This sorrow fell upon them," is the most essen- 
tially Greek in character. 

Tuesday morning, June 25, was devoted to the class 
day exercises of the Department of Literature, Sci- 
ence, and the Arts and of the Department of Engi- 
neering, the former being held in the campus band 
stand, the latter in the Engineering court. The pro- 
gramme was as follows: 

DEPARTMENT OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND THE ARTS 

Address. By the Class President, Werner S. Allison. 
History. By Hazel K. Wolcott. 
Poem. By George O. Spaulding. 
Prophecy. By Ellen W. Moore. 
Oration. By Reginald A. Collins. 

I 182 3 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING 

Address. By the Class President, Francis T. Letchfield. 

History. By Clarence W. Hannon. 

Poem. By Joseph F. Hudnut. 

Prophecy. By Harry L. Brown. 

Oration. By IraT. Hook. 

Address. By Dean Mortimer E. Cooley. 

Song. The Yellow and Blue. 

At one o'clock the Alumni Advisory Council held a 
luncheon at the Michigan Union, which was followed 
by the annual meeting of the Council. 

The afternoon programme began at 2.30, when 
fully five thousand spe6lators witnessed the proces- 
sion of eleven student campus societies, led by the 
University band. These groups comprised the senior 
honorary societies of the Engineering, Literary, and 
Law departments, the Sphinx, the Triangles, the 
Griffins, the Foresters, the Cosmopolitan Club, the 
Michigan Union, and the Michigamua. As the pro- 
cession passed the reviewing stand on the steps of 
Memorial Hall, each society was allotted time in 
which to present a chara6l eristic performance of 
some sort. 

After the parade, the great crowd swarmed into 
the pavilion on Medic Green to see the Michigan 
Union vaudeville show. 

Thomas A. Bogle, Jr., as "barker," announced the 
following programme: 

Overture. By the University Band. 
L A Little Imitation Music. "Bill" Williams. 



[ 183 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

II. An Oriental Melange: 

a. Hindu Sleight of Hand. Premananda Das. 

b. The Art of Jiu Jitsii. Kanata and Kobayashi. 

c. Sabre Fencing. W. C. McCormick and Premananda 

Das. 
Japanese Fencing. Kinsaku Tonouchi and Tsutomu 
Yamada. 

III. An Original Musical Act. Freddie Lawton, '11, and 

Eddie Howell, '13 E. 

IV. Musical Clubs. The Glee and Mandolin Club Quar- 

tettes. 
V. The Mimes of the University of Michigan in Miss Ev- 
erlasting, a musical sketch in one act, by Francis 
L. Riordan and Robert G. Beck. Music by Julius 
Wuerthner and Selden Dickinson. 

The early evening open-air concert given by the 
University Glee and Mandolin Clubs afforded de- 
lightful entertainment to thousands oflisteners, who 
lounged in comfortable groups upon the grass or 
promenaded beneath the trees. A "smoker/' ten- 
dered by the University Club to delegates from other 
institutions, and the annual senior reception and ball, 
held in the gymnasiums, completed the events of the 
second day of the celebration. 

Commemoration Day, W^ednesday, June 26, the 
traditional Alumni Day, dawned bright and fair. 
Promptly at 8. 1 5 the morning bugle call was sounded 
at the foot of the old flag-pole, after which the 26th 
Infantry Band struck up The Star Spangled Banner, 
and the American flag was unfurled. 

At 8.30 the nine divisions of the academic proces- 
sions assembled at their assigned stations. The grad- 
uating classes formed in line in the vicinity of their 

[ 184 ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

respe6live departments; the Regents, ex-Regents, 
delegates, candidates for honorary degrees, specially 
invited guests, and members of the University Sen- 
ate met in the auditorium of University Hall; while 
the alumni gathered at Memorial Hall. 

At nine o'clock the pageant started, led by the In- 
fantry Band. First place in the procession was given 
to the alumni, who were followed by the Honor Sec- 
tion, headed by Professor C. S. Denison, the Parade 
Marshal, accompanied by two heralds and two color- 
bearers. This division was composed of President 
Harry B. Hutchins, the Honorable Lawrence Max- 
well, orator of the day. President Emeritus James B. 
Angell, Ambassador Andrew D. White, the Regents 
and ex-Regents, candidates for honorary degrees, 
specially invited guests, and the University Senate. 
As Guard of Honor one hundred seniors formed lines 
on both sides of this se6lion, carrying golden staves 
wound with Michigan colors. The various graduat- 
ing classes composed the last division of the line of 
march. A fife and drum corps occupied a position be- 
tween the alumni and the Guard of Honor se6lion, 
while the Varsity band brought up the rear. 

Under the command of Chief Marshal M. E. 
Cooley, the long procession moved down the en- 
tire length of the diagonal walk, through the arch of 
the Engineering Building, past the Medical College 
and the Gymnasium to the mainentranceof the pavil- 
ion, where the head of the columns halted and opened 
ranks for the entrance of the Guard of Honor sec- 
tion, which was followed by the alumni in a counter- 
march, and finally by the graduating classes. 

[ :85 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

The Commemoration exercises in honor of the 
seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the Uni- 
versity opened promptly at ten o'clock. After an 
overture by the 21st Regiment Band, of Detroit, 
prayer was offered by the Right Reverend Charles 
Sumner Burch,of the class of 18 75, Suffragan Bishop 
of New York. The Commemoration address was de- 
livered by the Honorable Lawrence Maxwell, LL.D., 
of the class of 1 874. Following the oration of the day, 
congratulatory addresses were given as follows: 

Representing the Endowed Universities : Chancellor El- 
mer Ellsworth Brown, ll.d., New York University. 

Representing the Michigan State Colleges : President 
Joseph William Mauck, ll.d., Hillsdale College. 

Representing the State Universities : President William 
OxLEY Thompson, d.d., ll.d., Ohio State University. 

The Reverend Arthur W. Stalker, D.D. , of the class 
of 1884, pronounced the benedi6fion. 

The President's Luncheon was held at one o'clock 
in the General Library , covers being laid for two hun- 
dred. Besides the President, the President Emeri- 
tus, the deans of the various departments, and the Re- 
gents, there were present the alumni congressmen, 
the official guests of the University, the representa- 
tives from other universities and colleges, the recipi- 
ents of honorary degrees, and the wives of the guests. 
Following the luncheon speeches were made by Pres- 
ident Emeritus James B. Angell, the Honorable An- 
drew D.White, Mr. Charles F. Brush, and Professor 
WlUiam H. Howell, of Johns Hopkins University. 

The alumni luncheon, also held at one o'clock, 

[ 186 ] 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

was served by the local chapter of the Collegiate 
Alumnae, in the two large rooms of the gymnasiums, 
which were taxed to their capacity. 

A band concert in the portico of Memorial Hall 
was followed by the annual meeting of the Alumni 
Association in Memorial Hall. The Alumni Memorial 
Hall Committee, after a service of nine years, made 
a final report at this meeting, and was formally re- 
lieved from further duty. A Detroit alumnus pro- 
vided funds for a bronze tablet bearing the names of 
the committee, to be placed in the Hall to commemo- 
rate their work in making Memorial Hall possible. 
The members of this group are: Claudius B. Grant, 
'59y Vi6lor C. Vaughan, '75, Edward W. Pendleton, 
'72, Charles B. Warren, '91, Charles M. Burton, '73, 
F. H. Walker, '73, Martin L. D'Ooge, '62, and Wil- 
liam N. Brown, ' 70 Law. 

At 3.30 p.m. the alumni formed in procession and 
marched to Ferry Field, where Michigan defeated 
Pennsylvania in a hard-fought game of baseball. 

From four to six o'clock Dean and Mrs. Vaughan 
gave a reception at their home to graduates of the 
Medical College. Between six and eight o'clock many 
class dinners were held at the Michigan Union and 
elsewhere. 

At eight o'clock occurred the campus illumination 
and senior promenade. The campus was beautifully 
lighted with hundreds of Japanese lanterns strung 
in rows along the principal walks. The band concert 
was preceded by an all-senior " sing."Then followed 
the senior promenade, the procession forming in front 
of Memorial Hall and marching through University 

c 187 : 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Hall, down South University Avenue to the Engi- 
neering Building, and continuing along the diagonal 
walk, and up State Street, back to the starting-point. 

The formal events of the day were concluded by 
the Senate Reception, in Memorial Hall, tendered to 
the delegates, the invited guests, graduates, former 
students, and other friends of the University. 

Thursday morning ushered in the sixty-eighth an- 
nual Commencement and the last day of Commemo- 
ration week. Bugle call and the ceremony of hoisting 
the flag preceded the formation of the Commence- 
ment procession, which started promptly at 8.30. Ex- 
cept for the relative positions of the several divisions, 
the order of march was similar to that of Wednes- 
day, the various classes of 1912 taking the lead, the 
Guard of Honor, the Senate, and the alumni follow- 
ing in regular succession. 

With the sounding of reveille at ten o'clock, the 
exercises were opened, the great crowd having been 
marshalled into the pavilion promptly at the appointed 
hour. The platform was occupied by President Hutch- 
ins, President Emeritus Angell, the Regents and ex- 
Regents, the deans of the several colleges, the can- 
didates for honorary degrees, the specially invited 
guests, and the members of the University Senate. 
The central se61:ion of seats, immediately in front 
of the platform, had been reserved for the parents 
and friends of the graduates, the latter having been 
assigned the seats back of this se6lion and extend- 
ing to the rear of the pavilion. The remaining seats on 
both sides were filled by alumni and other visitors. 
Fully five thousand spe6lators witnessed the exer- 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

cises. The student candidates for degrees numbered 
one thousand one hundred and forty-six. 

Following the invocation by the Right Reverend 
Bishop E. D. Kelly, the Commencement oration 
was delivered by Professor Jeremiah W. Jenks,'78, 
LL.D. '03, his subje6l being, The Coming Citizen- 
ship. At the conclusion of the oration the graduates of 
each of the several departments and the candidates 
for higher degrees marched across the platform to 
receive their diplomas, after which the thirty-three 
honorary degrees were conferred. These degrees 
were restricted, in honor of the anniversary celebra- 
tion, to Michigan alumni and to former members of 
the University Faculties. The last name to be called 
on the honorary list was that of Dr. James Burrill 
Angell. Instantly the audience was upon its feet, and 
cheer after cheer burst forth to acclaim Michigan's 
youngest alumnus. 

The interim between the conclusion of the Com- 
mencementexercises and the annual Commencement 
dinner afforded a pleasant social hour under the cam- 
pus trees. Here the tension of the week was suddenly 
relaxed. Seniors enjoyed a last quiet talk together, as 
they met in groups or moved about to say their fare- 
wells. The older graduates reviewed the events of 
the week, or planned their next reunions, or strolled 
about the familiar campus. 

At one o'clock the last procession was formed, the 
line of march extending from Tappan oak to Water- 
man Gymnasium, where the Commencement din- 
ner was served. The speakers' table occupied a plat- 
form along the north wall of the room. Seated at this 

C 189 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

table were President and Mrs. Hutchins, President 
Emeritus Angell, the speakers and the Regents, and 
their wives. 

Dinner over, President Hutchins introduced the 
following speakers, each of whom gave a brief ad- 
dress : The Honorable Luther L. Wright, State Super- 
intendent of Public Instrudlion, Dr. James B. Angell, 
Professor Martin L. D'Ooge, '62, President Wood- 
ward , '72 , of the Carnegie Foundation of Washington, 
President Ethelbert D. Warfield, LL.D., of Lafay- 
ette College, and the Honorable Andrew D. White. 
His Excellency, the Honorable Chase S. Osborn, 
Governor of Michigan, and former Regent of the 
University, was unable to be present to take part in 
the programme as he had planned, but sent a letter 
which was read by Superintendent Wright. 

The occasion was a memorable one. It was remi- 
niscent of distant days and early struggles and wor- 
thy achievement; it was likewise prophetic of the 
greater Michigan that is yet to be. The graduates, 
the latest recruits in the great army of Michigan 
alumni, were reminded of their noble heritage and of 
the great responsibilities entrusted to them by their 
Alma Mater. And youngest of them all, the last to 
be adopted as a Michigan alumnus, was the vener- 
able President Emeritus, Dr. James B. Angell, whose 
devotion to Michigan has spanned more than two- 
score years. The many tributes paid to Dr. Angell 
at this time were shared by President Hutchins, who 
has been deemed worthy to take up the responsi- 
bilities of an office which his predecessor had filled 
so illustriously. 



AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 

It was late in the afternoon before the assemblage 
broke up. Except for a reception by Dean and Mrs. 
Hinsdale, at their home on Forest Avenue, to the 
graduates, alumni, and faculty of the Homoeopathic 
Medical College,the Commencement dinner brought 
to a close the sixty-eighth annual Commencement 
and the Commemoration of the seventy -fifth anniver- 
sary of the founding of the University of Michigan. 

J. R.B. 



C 191 3 



RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS 
ADOPTED JULY l8, 1912 

Resolved : That the Board express its pleas- 
ure and satisfaction in the marked success of 
the celebration of the Seventy-fifth Anni- 
versary of the Founding of the University 
and its grateful appreciation of the time 
and energy so effectively expended by those 
charged with the responsibilities of the event. 



BOARD OF REGENTS 

AND 

MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIES 



BOARD OF REGENTS 
AND MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIES 

THE REGENTS 

Harry Burns Hutchins, ll.d. 
President 

Hon. John Henry Grant 

Hon. Walter Hulme Sawyer 

Hon. Junius Emery Beal 

Hon. Frank Bruce Leland 

Hon. William Lawrence Clements 

Hon. Harry Conant Bulkley 

Hon. Benjamin Sawtell Hanchett 

Hon. Lucius Lee Hubbard 

Hon. Luther Lamphear Wright 
Superintendent of Public Instruction 

Shirley Wheeler Smith 
Secretary of the Boai-d 

Robert Alexander Campbell 
Treasurer of the Boaixi 

MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIES 

THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 

Harry Burns Hutchins, ll.d., President 

James Burrill Angell, ll.d.. President Emeritus 

Martin Lltther D'Ooge, ph.d., ll.d., d.litt., Professor of the Greek 
Language and Literature 

Isaac Newton Demmon, a.m., ll.d., Professor of English 

Mortimer Elwyn Cooley, m.e., ll.d., eng.d.. Professor of Me- 

C ^95 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

chanical Engineering and Dean of the Department of Engi- 
neering 

WoosTER Woodruff Beman, a.m., ll.d., Professor of Mathematics 

Victor Clarence Vaughan, m.d., ph.d., ll.d., Professor of Hygiene 
and Physiological Chemistry, and Dean of the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery 

Charles Simeon Denison, d.sc, c.e.. Professor of Stereotomy, 
Mechanism, and Drawing 

Henry Smith Carhart, a.m., ll.d., Professor Emeritus of Physics 

Raymond Cazallis Davis, a.m.. Librarian Emeritus and Lecturer 
on Bibliography 

Henry Carter Adams, ph.d., ll.d.. Professor of Political Econ- 
omy and Finance 

Richard Hudson, a.m., ll.d.. Professor Emeritus of History 

Bradley Martin Thompson, m.s., ll.b., Professor Emeritus of 
Law 

Albert Augustus Stanley, a.m.. Professor of Music 

Francis Willey Kelsey, ph.d., ll.d.. Professor of the Latin Lan- 
guage and Literature 

Jerome Cyril Knowlton, a.b., ll.b., Marshall Professor of Law 

Charles Beylard Guerard de Nancrede, a.m., m.d., ll.d.. Pro- 
fessor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, and Director of Surgical 
Clinics in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Otis Coe Johnson, ph.c, a.m.. Professor Emeritus of Chemistry 

Nelville Soule Hoff, d.d.s.. Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and 
Dean of the College of Dental Surgery 

Joseph Baker Davis, c.e.. Professor Emeritus of Geodesy and Sur- 
veying 

Warren Plimpton Lombard, m.d., sc.d., Professor of Physiology 

Jacob Ellsworth Reighard, ph.b.. Professor of Zoology and Di- 
rector of the Zoological Laboratory and the Zoological Museum 

c 196 : 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Thomas Clarkson Trueblood, a.m., Professor of Oratory 

James Alexander Craig, b.d,, ph.u., Professor of Semitic Lan- 
guages and Literatures and Hellenistic Greek 

Thomas Ashford Bogle, ll.b., Professor of Law in Charge of the 
Practice Court 

Wilbert B. Hinsdale, m.s., a.m., m.d.. Professor of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Dean of the 
Homoeopathic Medical College and Dired;or of the University 
Hospital (Homoeopathic) 

Robert Mark Wenley, d.phil., sc.d., litt.d., ll.d.. Professor of 
Philosophy 

Willis Alonzo Dewey, m.d.. Professor of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics and Afting Professor of Mental and Nervous Dis- 
eases, and Secretary of the Faculty in the Homoeopathic Medical 
College 

James Henry Brewster, ph.b., ll.b.. Professor of Conveyancing 

Victor Hugo Lane, c.e.,ll.b., Fletcher Professor of Law and Law 
Librarian 

Horace Lafayette Wilgus, m.s., Professor of Law 

Claudius Bligh Kin yon, m.d.. Professor of Obstetrics and Gyne- 
cology in the Homoeopathic Medical College 

Arthur Graves Canfield, a.m., Professor of the Romance Lan- 
guages and Literatures 

Reuben Peterson, a.b., m.d.. Bates Professor of the Diseases of Wo- 
men and Children in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Dean Tyler Smith, b.s., m.d.. Professor of Surgery and Clinical 
Surgery in the Homoeopathic Medical College 

Robert Emmet Bunker, a.m., ll.b.. Professor of Law, and Uni- 
versity Counsel 

Fred Newton Scott, ph.d., Professor of Rhetoric 

Max Winkler, ph.d.. Professor of the German Languages and 
Literatures 

C 197 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Frederick George Novy, m.d., sc.d., Professor of Baderiology, 
and Director of the Hygienic Laboratory 

Edward DeMille Campbell, b.s., Professor of Chemical Engineer- 
ing and Analytical Chemistry, and Diredor of the Chemical Lab- 
oratory 

Allen Sisson Whitney, a.b.. Professor of Education 

FiLiBERT Roth, b.s.. Professor of Forestry 

G. Carl Huber, m.d., Professor of Histology and Embryology, and 
Director of the Histological Laboratory 

Henry Moore Bates, ph.b., ll.b., Tappan Professor of Law, and 
Dean of the Department of Law 

Edwin Charles Goddard, ph.b., ll.b., Professor of Law, and Sec- 
retary of the Faculty of the Department of Law 

Aldred Scott Warthin, m.d., ph.d.. Professor of Pathology, and 
Diredor of the Pathological Laboratory in the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery 

Louis Phillips Hall, d.d.s.. Professor of Operative and Clinical 
Dentistry 

Egbert Theodore Loeffler,b.s., d.d.s.. Professor of Dental Thera- 
peutics 

Fred Manville Taylor, ph.d.. Professor of Political Economy and 
Finance 

Alexander Ziwet, c.e.. Professor of Mathematics 

Herbert Charles Sadler, sc.d.. Professor of Naval Architedure 
and Marine Engineering 

Moses Gomberg, sc.d.. Professor of Organic Chemistry 

George Washington Patterson, ph.d.. Professor of Eledh-ical 
Engineering 

Frederick Charles Newcombe, ph.d.. Professor of Botany, and 
Direftor of the Botanical Laboratory 

John Oren Reed, ph.d.. Professor of Physics, Director of the Physi- 

C 198 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

cal Laboratory, and Dean of the Department of Literature, Sci- 
ence, and the Arts 

Theodore Wesley Koch, a.m.. Librarian 

Walter Robert Parker, b.s., m.d., Professor of Ophthalmology in 
the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Roy Bishop Canfield, a.b., m.d.. Professor of Otolaryngology in 
the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

William Fleming Breakey, m.d.. Professor of Dermatology and 
Syphilology 

William Joseph Hussey, b.s., Professor of Astronomy, and Direc- 
tor of the Observatory 

Emil Lorch, a.m., Professor of Architedure 

Claude Halstead Van Tyne, ph.d.. Professor of History^ 

Joseph Horace Drake, ll.b., ph.d., Professor of Law 

John Romain Rood, ll.b.. Professor of Law 

Edson Read Sunderland, ll.b., a.m.. Professor of Law 

Albert Moore Barrett, a.b., m.d., Professor of Psychiatry and 
Diseases of the Nervous System in the Department of Medicine 
and Surgery 

William Herbert Hobbs, ph.d.. Professor of Geology, and Direc- 
tor of the Geological Laboratory and Geological Museum 

Charles Wallis Edmunds, a.b., m.d.. Professor of Therapeutics 
and Materia Medica, and Secretary of the Faculty- of the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery 

Alfred Henry Lloyd, ph.d.. Professor of Philosophy 

MoRiTz Levi, a.b.. Professor of French 

John Robins Allen, m.e.. Professor of Mechanical Engineering 

Joseph Lybrand Markley, ph.d.. Professor of Mathematics 

Charles Horton Cooley, ph.d.. Professor of Sociology 

Dean Wentworth Myers, m.d.. Professor of Ophthalmology, 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology in the Homoeopathic 
Medical College 

S. Lawrence Bigelow, ph.d., Professor of General and Physical 
Chemistry 

George Linius Streeter, a.m., m.d.. Professor of Anatomy, and 
Diredor of the Anatomical Laboratory 

Julius Otto Schlotterbeck, ph.c, ph.d.. Professor of Pharma- 
cognosy and Botany, and Dean of the School of Pharmacy 

Arthur Graham Hall, ph.d.. Professor of Mathematics, Registrar 
of the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, and Editor 
of University Publications 

Edward Henry Kraus, ph.d., Professor of Mineralogy and Petro- 
graphy, and Diredor of the Mineralogical Laboratory, Secretary 
of the Graduate School, and Acting Dean of the Summer Session 

Marcus Llewellyn Ward, d.d.sc. Professor of Physics and 
Chemistry in the College of Dental Surger}^- 

Albion Walter Hewlett, b.s., m.d.. Professor of Internal Medi- 
cine, and Diredor of the Clinical Laboratory in the Department 
of Medicine and Surgery 

Karl Eugen Guthe, ph.d., Professor of Physics 

George Luther Clark, a.b., ll.b., Professor of Law 

Percy Ash, c.e.. Professor of Architefture 

Carl Leonard de Muralt, m.e., e.e.. Professor of Eledrical Engi- 
neering 

Jesse Siddall Reeves, ph.d.. Professor of Political Science 

Earle Wilbur Dow, a.b., Professor of European History 

Walter Bowers Pillsbury, ph.d.. Professor of Psychology, and 
Diredor of the Psychological Laboratory 

Alviso Burdett Stevens, ph.c, ph.d.. Professor of Pharmacy, and 
Secretary of the School of PhaiTnacy 

Evans Holbrook, a.b., ll.b.. Professor of Law 

C 200 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Clarence Thomas Johnston, c.e., Professor of Geodesy and Sur- 
veying, and Diredlor of the Bogardus Engineering Camp 

Harrison Standish Smalley, ph. d.. Professor of Political Economy 

Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, ph.d.. Professor of American History 

Louis A. Strauss, ph.d.. Professor of English 

Alfred Holmes White, a.b., b.s.. Professor of Chemical Engi- 
neering 

Arthur Lyon Cross, ph.d.. Professor of European History 

Edward Raymond Turner, ph.d.. Professor of European History 

Henry Arthur Sanders, ph.d.. Professor of Latin 

James Waterman Glover, ph.d.. Professor of Mathematics and 
Insurance 

Albert Emerson Greene, ph.b., b.s.. Professor of Civil Engineering 

Charles Joseph Tilden, b.s.. Professor of Engineering Mechanics 

Henry Earle Riggs, a.b., c.e.. Professor of Civil Engineering 

Edward David Jones, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Commerce and 
Industry 

John Robert Effinger, ph.d.. Junior Professor of French, Dean 
of the Summer Session, and Adling Dean of the Department of 
Literature, Science, and the Arts 

Tobias J. C. Diekhoff, ph.d.. Junior Professor of German 

Henry Clay Anderson, b.m.e.. Junior Professor of Mechanical 
Engineering 

Cyrenus Garritt Darling, m,d.. Clinical Professor of Surgery and 
Demonstrator of Surgery in the Department of Medicine and 
Surgery, and Clinical Professor of Oral Surgery in the College of 
Dental Surgery 

Campbell Bonner, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Greek 

Carl Dudley Camp, m.d,. Clinical Professor of the Diseases of the 
Nervous System in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

[ 201 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

David Murray Cowie, m.d., Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and 
Internal Medicine in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

William Henry Wait, ph.d., Junior Professor of Modem Lan- 
guages, in Charge of Modern Language Work in the Depart- 
ment of Engineering 

Herbert Jay Goulding, b.s.. Junior Professor of Descriptive 
Geometry and Drawing, and A6ling Secretary of the Engineer- 
ing Faculty 

John Strong Perry Tatlock, ph.d.. Junior Professor of English 

William Lincoln Miggett, m.e.. Junior Professor of Shop Prac- 
tice, and Superintendent of the Engineering Shops 

William Henry Butts, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Mathematics, 
and Assistant Dean of the Department of Engineering 

Ira Dean Loree, m.d., Clinical Professor of Genito-Urinary Sur- 
gery in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Jonathan Augustus Charles Hildner, ph.d.. Junior Professor 
of German 

Hugo Paul Thieme, ph.d., Junior Professor of French 

Harrison McAluster Randall, ph.d.. Junior Professor of 
Physics 

Benjamin Franklin Bailey, ph.d., Junior Professor of Eledlrical 
Engineering 

Ermine Cowles Case, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Historical Geology 
and Paleontology, and Curator of the Paleontological Colledlion 

George Plumer Burns, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Botany 

Clarence Linton Meader, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Latin, San- 
skrit, and General Linguistics 

Walter Burton Ford, ph.d.. Junior Professor of Mathematics 

Ralph Hamilton Curtiss, ph.d., Junior Professor of Astronomy, 
and Assistant Diredor of the Observatory 

James Barkley Pollock, sc.d.. Junior Professor of Botany 

C 200 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

EwALD Augustus Boucke, ph.d., Junior Professor of German 

Joseph Aldrich Bursley, b.s., Junior Professor of Mechanical 
Engineering 

Stanislaus Jan Zowski (Zwierzchowski), dipl. ing., Junior 
Professor of Mechanical Engineering 

Calvin Olin Davis, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Education, Inspec- 
tor of Schools, and Vice-Chairman of the Appointment Committee 

Howard B. Merrick, b.s., Assistant Professor of Surveying 

Myra Beach Jordan, a.b.. Dean of Women in the Department of 
Literature, Science, and the Arts 

Morris Palmer Tilley, ph.d., Assistant Professor of English 

Thomas Ernest Rankin, a.m.. Assistant Professor of Rhetoric, and 
Secretary of the Summer Session 

David Martin Lichty, ph.d., Assistant Professor of General 
Chemistry 

Warren Washburn Florer, ph.d., Assistant Professor of German 

Arthur Whitmore Smith, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Physics 

Archie Burton Pierce, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Engineering 
Mechanics 

Theodore Rudolph Running, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Mathe- 
matics 

Peter Field, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Mathematics 

Edward Milton Bragg, b.s.. Assistant Professor of Marine Engi- 
neering and Naval Architefture 

Charles Philip Wagner, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Romance 
Languages 

William D. Henderson, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Physics 

Otto Charles Glaser, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Zoology 

Carl Edgar Eggert, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of German 

William Jay Hale, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of General Chemistry 

C 203 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Charles Alton Ellis, a. b., Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering 

Edward Dunbar Rich, c.e., Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering 

James Ambrose Moyer, a.m., Assistant Professor of Mechanical 
Engineering 

Charles Scott Berry, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Education 

James Pyper Bird, a.b.. Assistant Professor of French and Span- 
ish, and Secretary of the Engineering Faculty 

Henry Harold Higbie, e.e.. Assistant Professor of Eledlrical Engi- 
neering 

George Augustus May, m.d., Assistant Professor of Physical 
Training, and Diredtor of the Waterman Gymnasium 

John William Bradshaw, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Mathe- 
matics 

Claude Adelbert Burrett, ph.b., m.d.. Assistant Professor of 
Dermatology, Genito-Urinary Diseases, and Eledlro-therapeutics, 
and Registrar of the Homoeopathic Medical College 

Ralzemond Drake Parker, m.s.. Assistant Professor of Eledrical 
Engineering 

Cary LeRoy Hill, a.b., m.s.f.. Assistant Professor of Forestry 

Alvin Christian Kraenzlein, d.d.s., Assistant Professor of Physi- 
cal Training 

Henry Allen Gleason, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Botany 

Albert Robinson Crittenden, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Latin 

Louis Charles Karpinski, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Mathe- 
matics 

John Dieterle, b.d., a.m.. Assistant Professor of German 

WiLUAM Gabb Smeaton, A.B., Assistant Professor of General 
Chemistry 

Lee Holt Cone, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Organic Chemistry 

Russell Welford Bunting, d.d.sc. Assistant Professor of Dental 
Pathology and Histology 

i 204 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Willis Gordon Stoner, a.b., ll.b., Assistant Professor of Law 

Ralph William Aigler, ll.b., Assistant Professor of Law 

Walter Mann Mitchell, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Astron- 
omy 

Frederick Stephen Breed, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Education 

Robert Wilhelm Hegner, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Zoology 

Victor Ray McLucas, a.b., ll.b.. Assistant Professor of Law 

Walter Turner Fishleigh, a.b., b.s.. Assistant Professor of Stere- 
otomy and Drawing 

John Edward Emswiler, m.e., Assistant Professor of Mechanical 
Engineering 

John R. Brumm, a.m., Assistant Professor of Rhetoric 

Calvin Henry Kauffman, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Botany 

Catherine Leighton Bigelow, Diredor of the Barbour Gymna- 
sium 

Alexander Grant Ruthven, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Zool- 
ogy, and Head Curator of the Museum 

George Leroy Jackson, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Education 

Aubrey Tealdi, grad. roy. tech. inst., livorno, Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Landscape Design 

Herbert Richard Cross, a.m.. Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, 
and Curator of the University Art Collection 

John Garrett Winter, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Ancient Lan- 
guages 

John Frederick Shepard, ph.d., Assistant Professor of Psychology 

Edgar Noble Durfee, a.b.. Assistant Professor of Law 

HoBART HuRD WiLLARD, PH.D., Assistant Professor of Analytical 
Chemistry 

Beverley Robinson, b.s.. Assistant Professor of Architedxire 

[ 205 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

OTHER OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION 

INSTRUCTORS APPOINTED FOR THREE YEARS 

Alice Louise Hunt, Instrudor in Drawing 

Edward Brind Escott, m.s., Instrudor in Mathematics 

John William Scroll, ph.d.. Instructor in German 

Edward Larrabee Adams, ph.d., Instrudor in Romance Lan- 
guages 

Harold Prell Breitenbach, ph.d.. Instructor in Rhetoric 

Walter Fred Hunt, a.m., Instructor in Mineralogy 

John Schmutz, Instructor in Surveying 

Irving Day Scott, a.m., Instructor in Physiographical Geology 

Theodore Lindqihst, m.s.. Instructor in Mathematics 

Neil Hooker Williams, m.s.. Instructor in Physics 

Frank Howard Stevens, b.s.. Instructor in Mathematics 

Richard Dennis Teall Hollister, a.m.. Instructor in Oratory 

Roy Wood Sellars, ph.d., Instructor in Philosophy 

Harry Conrad Thurnau, ph.d.. Instructor in German 

Herbert Alden Kenyon, a.m., Instructor in French and Spanish 

William Aloysius McLaughlin, a.b.. Instructor in French 

Karl Wilhelmj Zimmerschied, m.s., Instructor in Chemical En- 
gineering 

Harry Hurd Atwell, b.s., Instructor in Surveying 

Samuel Colville Lind, ph.d.. Instructor in General and Physical 
Chemistry 

Clyde Elton Love, a.m.. Instructor in Mathematics 

William Frederick Hauhart, ph.d., Instructor in German 

Wilber Ray Humphreys, a.m.. Instructor in English 

William Beverly Stone, ph.d.. Instructor in Mathematics 

[ 206 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Charles Horace Fessenden, m.e., Instrudor in Mechanical Engi- 
neering 

Herbert Samuel Mallory, ph.d., Instructor in Rhetoric 

Joseph Raleigh Nelson, a.m., Instru6lor in Rhetoric 

Charles Bruce Vibbert, a.b., Instrudor in Philosophy 

William Van Nest Garretson, m.s., Instrudlor in Mathematics 

Otto Charles Marckwardt, a.m., Instrudor in Rhetoric 

Louis Allen Hopkins, m.s.. Instructor in Mathematics 

Frank Richard Finch, ph.b.. Instructor in Descriptive Geometry 
and Drawing 

Frederick William Weck, a.m.. Instructor in German 

Vincent Collins Poor, m.s.. Instructor in Mathematics 

Henri Theodore Antoine de Leng Hus,ph.d., Instructor in Botany 

Carey Herbert Conley, a.b.. Instructor in Rhetoric 

Theophil Henry Hildebrandt, ph.d., Instructor in Mathematics 

Rene Talamon, LicENCi£-i:s-LETTREs, Instructor in French 

Elmer Edwin Ware, b.s.. Instructor in Chemical Engineering 

Dewitt Henry Parker, ph.d.. Instructor in Philosophy 

Edge Taylor Cope, 3d, m.e.. Instructor in Mechanical Engineering 

Arthur James Decker, b.s. (c.e.), Instructor in Engineering Me- 
chanics 

Herbert Douglas Austin, ph.d.. Instructor in Romance Languages 

Albert Easton White, a.b.. Instructor in Chemical Engineering 



APPOINTMENTS FOR THE YEAR I9II-I912 
INSTRUCTORS 

Robert Brown Howell, d.d.s.. Instructor in Comparative Anat- 
omy and Crown and Bridge Work 

[ 207 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Elmer Leroy Whitman, d.d.s., Instrudor in Prosthetic Technics 

Robert John Carney, a.b., Instrudor in Analytical Chemistry 

Harry Newton Cole, a.b., b.s.. Instructor in Analytical Chemistry 

Frank John Mellencamp, ph.d., Instrudor in Physics 

Walter Francis Colby, ph.d., Instrudor in Physics 

William Caldwell Titcomb, a.b., b.s., Instnidor in Architedure 

William Daniel Moriarty, ph.d., Instrudor in English 

James Gerrit Van Zwaluwenburg, b.s.,m.d., Instrudor in Inter- 
nal Medicine and Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine in the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery 

Carl Eugene Parry, ph.d., Instrudor in Political Economy and 
Sociology 

David Friday, a.b., Instrudor in Political Economy 

Alfred Oughton Lee, m.d., Instrudor in German 

Daniel Chambers Miller, b.s. (c.e.), Instrudor in Descriptive 
. Geometry and Drawing 

Hugh Brodie, b.s., Instrudor in Surveying 

Clifton O'Neal Carey, b.s., Instrudor in Surveying 

Herbert Lester Abbott, b.s., Instrudor in Descriptive Geometry 
and Drawing 

William Frank Verner, b.s., Instrudor in Mechanical Engineering 

Frank Gerow Tompkins, a.b., Instrudor in Rhetoric- 

Ernest Peter Kuhl, a.m., Instrudor in Rhetoric 

Edmund Wild, m.s., Instrudor in German 

Albert Francis Hurlburt, a.b., Instrudor in French and Spanish 

William Alley Frayer, a.b., Instrudor in History 

Albert Eddy Lyon, a.b., Instrudor in French and Spanish 

Robert Watson Clark, a.b., Instrudor in Petrography 

[ 208 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Roy William Cowden, a.b., Instrudlor in Rhetoric 

Albert Ross Bailey, Instrudor in Surveying 

George Abel Kamperman,m.d., Instrudor in Obstetrics and G}Tie- 
cology in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Daniel Leslie Rich, a.m., Instrudor in Physics 

Charles Wilford Cook, a.b., m.s., Instrudor in Economic Geology 

William Warner Sleator, a.b., Instrudor in Physics 

Mark Marshall, a.b., b.s., m.d., Instrudor in Therapeutics and 
Materia Medica 

Frank Albert Kristal, c.e., Instrudor in Descriptive Geometry 
and Drawing 

Harry Laurence Tanner, b.s., Instrudor in Ele6b-ical Engineering 

Ralph Robinson Mellon, b.s., m.d., Instrudor in Physical Diag- 
nosis, and Diredor of the Pathogenetic Laboratory in the Homoeo- 
pathic Medical College 

Otis Merriam Cope, a.b., m.d., Instrudor in Physiology 

Robert Harris Plaisance, a.m., Instrudor in French 

Carl Jenness Coe, a.b., Instrudor in Mathematics 

Walton Hale Hamilton, a.b., Instrudor in Political Economy 

Marion Clyde Wier, a.m., Instrudor in Rhetoric 

Raymond Everett, b.s., Instrudor in Drawing 

Harry Albert McGill, a.b., Instrudor in History 

Charles August Behrens, b.s., Instrudor in Baderiology 

Reginald Copeland Plummer, m.d., Instrudor in Otolaryngology 

George Byron Roth, a.b., m.d., Instrudor in Pharmacology 

RoLLO Eugene Mc Cotter, m.d., Instrudor in Anatomy 

Matthew Kollig, a.b., m.d., Instrudor in Anatomy 

Luther Fiske Warren, a.b., m.d., Instrudor in Clinical Micro- 
scopy 

[ 209 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Floyd Earl Bartell, ph.d., Instrudor in General and Physical 
Chemistry 

WiLUAM Frederick Koch, a.m., Instrudtor in Histology 

Peter Olaus Okkelberg, a.m., Instructor in Zoology 

George Edward Wallis, b.s., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering 

Alfred Henry Lovell, b.s.. Instructor in Eledtrical Engineering 

Ferdinand Northrup Menefee, c.e,, Instru6tor in Descriptive Ge- 
ometry and Drawing 

Franklin Thomas, b.e.. Instructor in Descriptive Geometiy and 
Drawing 

Stanley Boardman Wiggins,- b.s., Instrudor in Descriptive Ge- 
ometry and Drawing 

Aaron Franklin Shull, ph.d.. Instructor in Zoology 

Charles Milton Perry, ph.d., Instructor in Philosophy 

Richard Karl Hermann Fey, ph.d.. Instructor in GeiTnan 

Walter W. Stewart, a.b.. Instructor in Political Economy 

Stuart McCune Hamilton, a.b.. Instructor in Commerce and In- 
dustry 

George Rogers La Rue, ph.d.. Instructor in Zoology 

Benjamin Bruce Wallace, ph.d.. Instructor in Political Science 

Carl Vernon Weller, a.b., Instructor in Pathology in the Depart- 
ment of Medicine and Surgery 

Claude Thomas Uren, m.d., Instrudor in Otolar>'ngology in the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Henry Foster Adams, ph.d., Instructor in Psychology 

James Elmer Harris, ph.d.. Instructor in General and Physical 
Chemistry 

Jesse Talbot Littleton, ph.d., Instructor in Physics 

Solomon Francis Gingerich, ph.d.. Instructor in English 

[ 210 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Berthold Bertrand Grunwald, dipl. inc., Instrudor in Chemi- 
cal Engineering 

George McDonald McConkey, Instrudor in Architedure 

Harold Ford French, b.s. (c.e.), Instrudor in Engineering Me- 
chanics 

WiNFiELD Scott Hubbard, ph.d,, Instrudlor in Pharmacy 

Whiting Alden, a.b,, m.s.f.. Instructor in Forestry 

Leigh Jarvis Young, a.b., m.s.f., Instrudor in Forestry 

Mitchell Bennett Garrett, ph.d., Instrudor in History 

Roy Kenneth McAlpine, a.b., Instrudor in Analytical Chemistry 

Walter Robert Rathke, a.b., Instrudor in French and Spanish 

Abraham Manuel Fox, c.e., Instrudor in Descriptive Geometry 
and Drawing 

John Fay Wilson, b.s., Instrudor in Eledrical Engineering 

Burton George Grim, a.b., Instrudor in Rhetoric 

D. R. Scott, a.b., b.s., Instrudor in Political Economy 

DEMONSTRATORS AND ASSISTANTS 

George Slocum, m.d.. Demonstrator in Ophthalmology in the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery 

Conrad Georg, Jr., a.b., m.d.. Demonstrator of Surgery in the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Theophile Klingmann, ph.c, m.d.. Demonstrator of Diseases of the 
Mind and Nervous System in the Department of Medicine and 
Surgery 

Albert E. Wilson, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Technical Dentistry 

James Fleming Breakey, m.d.. Assistant in Dermatology in the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery 

Frederick Rice Waldron, ph.b., m.d.. First Assistant in Surgery 
in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

C 21, ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Frances Jewett Dunbar, a.b., Assistant in Zoology 

James Gordon Gumming, m.d.. Assistant in Hygiene, in Charge of 
the Pasteur Institute 

Robert Gordon MacKenzie, a,b., m.d.. Second Assistant in Sur- 
gery in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Clara Bell Dunn, a.m.. Assistant in Rhetoric 

George Milton Kline, m.d.. Assistant in Psychiatry 

Elizabeth Dorothy Wuist, m.s.. Assistant in Botany 

Harry Wolven Crane, a.m.. Assistant in Sociology 

Almus a. Hale, Assistant in the Roentgen Laboratory and Clini- 
cal Photographer 

Eva Rawlings, m.d., Pathologist in the State Psychopathic Hos- 
pital 

Gladys Edna Topping, Laboratory Assistant in the State Psycho- 
pathic Hospital 

Harry Hrand Migerdich Malejan, a.b.. Assistant in Baderiology 

George Morris Curtis, a.m.. Assistant in Zoology and Histology 

Cecil Heyward Williams, a.m.. Teaching Assistant in German 

Evelyn Thayer Derry, Assistant in the Barbour Gymnasium 

George Lawrence Keenan, a.b.. Assistant in Botany 

George Eves, a.b.. Assistant in Oratory 

Horace Burrington Baker, b.s.. Assistant in Zoology 

Joseph Ralston Hayden, a.m., Assistant in American History 

John Hibbard Pettis, a.b., m.d.. Chief of the Surgical Clinic in the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Charles Lee Washburn, m.d.. Demonstrator of Orthopedics in the 
Department of Medicine and Surgerj^ 

James Howard Agnew, a.m., m.d.. First Assistant in Internal Medi- 
cine in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

C 212 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Carleton Ira Wood, a.b., Laboratory Assistant in Clinical Medi- 
cine in the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

George Stanley Rutherford, b.s., Teaching Assistant in General 
and Physical Chemistry 

Arthur Floyd Schlichting, ph.c. Assistant in Pharmacy 

Leonard Waterman, b.s., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy 

Frank Caleb Gates, a.b.. Assistant in Botany 

Howard Bligh Kinyon, m.d.. Assistant in Gynecology and Obstet- 
rics 

Joseph George Black, a.b.. Assistant in Oratory 

Thomas Earl Howard Black, a.b., Assistant in Oratory 

James Owen Perrine, a.b., Assistant in Physics 

Edith Anne Taylor, a.b.. Assistant in Rhetoric 

Fannie Bernice Biggs, a.b.. Assistant in Rhetoric 

Emory Walter Sink, a.b.. Assistant in Zoology 

Charles Herbert Rogers, ph.b., ph.c. Assistant in Pharmacy 

Arthur Randolph Ernst, ph.g., m.d.. Assistant in Internal Medi- 
cine in the Homoeopathic Medical College 

Phil Lewis Marsh, a.b.. Assistant in Histology 

Roy Webster Pryer, ph.c, b.s.. Assistant in Hygiene 

Chester Albert Struby, ph.c. Assistant in Hvgiene 

Charles George Sinclair, b.s.. Assistant in the Pasteur Institute 

William Allder Perkins, Assistant in Baderiology 

Chester Arthur Doty, b.s., Assistant in Physiological Chemistry 

Henry Lee Wenner, Jr., a.b.. Assistant in Physiology 

Daniel Cecil Post, m.d.. Third Assistant in Surgery in the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery 

Charles Reuben Lowe, m.d.. Assistant in Psychiatry 

[ 213 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

SoBEi Ide, M.D., Laboratory Assistant in the Psychopathic Hospital 

Wayne Alexander Cochrane, m.d., Assistant in Ophthalmology 
in the Department of Medicine and Surger\' 

Ferris Nicholas Smith, a.b., m.d.. Assistant in Otolaryngology in 
the Department of Medicine and Surgery 

Alfred Lynn Ferguson, a.m., Teaching Assistant in General and 
Physical Chemistry 

Laurence Crane Johnson, b.s.. Teaching Assistant in General and 
Physical Chemistry 

Samuel Horner Regester,a.m., Teaching Assistant in General and 
Physical Chemistry 

Mark Edson Putnam, m.s.. Teaching Assistant in Organic Chem- 
istry 

Robert Lee Jickling, b.s.. Assistant in Organic Chemistry 

Bert Edwin Quick, a.b.. Assistant in Botany 

George Newton Fuller, a.m.. Assistant in History 

Margaret Atwell Stone, a.b.. Assistant in History 

Harold Edward Wiluams, a.b.. Assistant in American History 

Frank Clyde Cole, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry 

Roy Hampton Purdy, d.d.s., Demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry 

Earl F. Randolph, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry 

Alfred Edwin Lussky, a.m., Teaching Assistant in German 

George Bradford Corless, a.b.. Assistant in Mineralogy 

Lucien Helm Greathouse, a.b., Teaching Assistant in Analytical 
Chemistry 

Lesue Ernest Butterfield, a.b.. Assistant in Orator}^ 

Chester Hume Forsyth, a.m.. Teaching Assistant in Mathematics 

Russell Claudius Hussey, a.b.. Assistant in Geology 

Elizabeth Lockwood Thompson, a.b.. Assistant in Zoology 

[ 214 ] 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

George Waddell Snedecor, b.s., Assistant in Physics 

Louis Kossuth Oppitz, a.m., Assistant in Physics 

Otto Werner Bauer, b.e.e.. Assistant in Engineering Mechanics 

Ernest William Klatte, b.s. (c.e.), Assistant in Civil Engineer- 
ing 

Heinrich Wilhelm Albert Reye, a.b.. Assistant in Physiology 

Roy Hinman Holmes, a.b.. Assistant in English 

Mervin Kaufman Baer, a.b., m.s.f.. Assistant in Mechanical Engi- 
neering 

Matthew Rhodes Blish, b.m.e.. Assistant in Mechanical Engineer- 
ing 

Theodore Wilson Fowle, a.b., Assistant in Chemical Engineering 

Edwin Griffin Pierce, ph.b., Assistant in Chemical Engineering 

Ray Holley Baldwin, a.b.. Assistant in History 

Reed Chambers, b.s.. Assistant in Baderiology 

Fay Goodcell Clark, a.b., Assistant in Forestry 

Leroy Melville Coffin, b.s.. Assistant in Mathematics 

CoRYDEN Patten Cronk, b.s.. Assistant in Forestry 

Lewis Ernest Daniels, b.s.. Assistant in Forestry 

Edward Shutts George, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Clinical Den- 
tistry 

George Wellman Hess, a.m., Assistant in Mathematics 

Herbert Frederick Lindsay, b.s., Assistant in Forestry 

Frank Benjamin MacMullen, m.d.. Assistant in Ophthalmology 
in the Homoeopathic Medical College 

Norman William Scherer, b.s., Assistant in Botany 

George Lawrence Verplanke, m.d., Assistant in Surgery in the 
Homoeopathic Medical College 

Grace Schwendler Davis, a.b.. Assistant in Latin 

C 215 ] 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

FELLOWS WITH DUTIES OF ASSISTANTS 

James Henry Baxter, a.b., Fellow in Mathematics 
Sarah Davina McKay, a.b., Fellow in Psychology 
Gilbert Hawthorne Taylor, a.b.. Fellow in Latin 
Lambert Thorpe, b.s.. Fellow in Chemistry 
Fred Burkhardt Wahr, a.b.. Fellow in German 
Clarence Jay West, b.s.. Fellow in Chemistry 



NON-RESIDENT LECTURERS ON SPECIAL TOPICS FOR 

1911-1912 

John Bertrand Clayberg, ll.b., Lefturer on Mining Law and on 
Irrigation Law 

Frank Fremont Reed, a.b., Ledurer on Copyright Law 

Albert Henry Walker, ll.b., Ledlurer on Patent Law and the 
Law of Trademarks 

Dallas Boudeman, m.s., Ledurer on Statute Law 

Milton Tate Watson, d.d.s., Ledurer on Orthodontia 

Edward Sidney Rogers, ll.b., Ledurer on Copp-ight Law 

Lawrence Maxwell, ll.d., Ledurer on Legal Ethics 

Oscar Russell Long, m.d., Ledurer on Mental Diseases (in the 
Homoeopathic Medical College) 

OssiAN Cole Simonds, c.e., Ledurer on Landscape Gardening 

Frank Leverett, b.s., Ledurer on Glacial Geology 

Roland Craten Allen, a.m., Ledurer on Geology 

Bert J. Denman, b.s. (c.e.), Ledurer on Eledrical Engineering 

Chalmers J. Lyons, d.d.s., Ledurer on Clinical Dentistry 

George Lewis Canfield, a.b., Ledurer on Admiralty Law 



C 216 3 



REGENTS AND FACULTIES 

Herbert Hutchinson Harper, d.d.s., Ledurer on Clinical Den- 
tistry 

Clarence Ashley Lightner, a.b,, Ledurer on Medical Jurispru- 
dence 



NON-RESIDENT INSTRUCTORS IN SUMMER SESSION OF 
191 1 
John Leonard Conger, ph.d., Professor of History 
Fred Harvey Hall Calhoun, ph.d.. Professor of Geology 
John J. Findlay, ph.d.. Professor of Education 
Frank Smith, a.m., Associate Professor of Zoology 
Robert H. Baker, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Astronomy 
Arthur C. Cole, ph.d., Instrudor in History 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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